Reports that Matter

An Inquiry into the Culture, Practices and Ethics of the Press

PART I CHAPTER

Section 60 of 61

PART I CHAPTER

  1. Introduction

1.1 This Annex should be read as a whole. In particular, it should be noted that:

(a) the references are set out in alphabetical order by the name of the witness. No particular inference should, therefore, be drawn from the order in which they are presented; (b) in most cases, the facts upon which the conclusion is based in Part I Chapter 8 are

readily apparent from the terms of the criticism itself and the evidential references, and are not separately stated at length;

(c) some of the conclusions overlap and the supporting facts and evidence are not always set out more than once; (d) the evidence referenced in support of each conclusion is intended to be representative

rather than exhaustive, especially in cases where the Inquiry received significant volumes of similar evidence.

1.2 It is the cumulative effect of the evidence cited, taken together and looked at as a whole, which supports the conclusion.

  1. Referencing

2.1 The full title of each witness is given in the first reference to their evidence. Witness statements, exhibits and transcripts are identified by a hyperlink to their location on the Inquiry website, www.levesoninquiry.org.uk.

2.2 When reference is made to a witness statement, the numbering system of that document, i.e. paragraph or page number, has been used. For example, page 12 of the Supplementary Witness Statement of Mr Alan Rusbridger is cited as follows:

Mr Alan Rusbridger p12, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/

01/Supplementary-Statement-of-Alan-Rusbridger.pdf

A reference to a page in a witness statement does not necessarily imply that the content of the entire page is cited as support for the related fact. Where available, paragraph numbers have been used.

2.3 When reference has been made to a passage in a transcript, the passage is identified in the form [page number]/[line number]. The page number is a reference to pages of the transcript, not to pages of the pdf document. There are 4 transcript pages per page of the document. For example, the passage from page 19, line 5 to page 21, line 4 in the transcript of the afternoon of 23 April 2012, during Mr Evgeny Lebedev's evidence is cited as follows:

1956

Mr Evgeny Lebedev 19/5-21/4, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ 2012/04/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-23-April-2012.pdf

  1. Development and maintenance of an over close relationship between politicians and national Newspapers Conclusion (i) The political parties of UK national government, and of UK official opposition, have had

or developed too close a relationship with the press. This conclusion relates at least to the period of the last thirty to thirty-five years. Although aspects, and the problematic nature, of this relationship have fluctuated over time, there has been a perceptible increase in proximity which has not been in the public interest.

(ii) The relationship between the press and the politicians has been too close in the following

principal respects: a. politicians have spent a disproportionate amount of time, attention and resource on this relationship in comparison to, and at the expense of, other legitimate claims in relation to their conduct of public affairs; b. in conducting their relationship with the press, politicians have not always maintained with adequate rigour appropriate boundaries between the conduct of public affairs on the one hand and their private or personal interests on the other;

Evidence base and factual summary Mrs Sly Bailey: • 118/8-119/4, on access to politicians, esp. "if you are the editor of a national newspaper

you can pretty much get to see whomever you want to", http://www.levesoninquiry.org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-16-January-20121.pdf

Mr Aidan Barclay: • paras 37, 40-43, 47, 48, on his contact with senior politicians, http://www.levesoninquiry.

org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Witness-Statement-of-Aidan-Barclay.pdf; http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Appendix-D-to-Witness- Statement-of-Aidan-Barclay.pdf

• 71/17-79/18, 83/18-88/24, 89/2-90/1, 100/1-101/14, on his contact with senior politicians,

including text messages, levels of access, sufficiency of transparency, and privileged position of the media, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/ Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-23-April-2012.pdf

• 94/6-95/20, 100/1-100/24, on Liam Fox and David Davis requesting meetings with him

at the time of the Conservative Party's last leadership contest, and on the privileged position of the media, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/ Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-23-April-2012.pdf

1957

The Right Honourable Tony Blair: • list of meetings with proprietors and editors, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Second-Exhibit-to-Witness-Statement-of-Tony-Blair.pdf • 35/13-36/25, on the degree of proximity between the press and politicians, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-28- May-2012.pdf • 9/8-11/14, 87/18-89/8, View (from his speech of 12 June 2007) that inordinate attention paid to the media, courting the media in the run up to the 1997 election, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-28- May-2012.pdf

Mrs Rebekah Brooks: • para 43-4, 48, 53-55, 57, 58, 65-66, on the frequency of her contact with senior politicians, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Second-Witness- Statement-of-Rebekah-Brooks.pdf • 24/14-45/16, on her proximity to Tony Blair, Gordon and Sarah Brown, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-11- May-2012.pdf • 45/17- 50/9, 73/16-81/18, 82/10-82/14, on her proximity to David Cameron and George Osborne, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-11-May-2012.pdf • 91/16-91/23, on lobbying against the amendment to s55 Data Protection Act, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-11- May-2012.pdf • 94/18-98/5, on politicians' desire to get close to Rupert Murdoch, and her own friendships with politicians, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-11-May-2012.pdf • 6/2-8/2, on messages of support from politicians, 20/22-21/7, political attendees at her 40th birthday party, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-11-May-2012.pdf • paras 30-32, 40-44, on her relationship with public figures, working relationships and friendships, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Second- Witness-Statement-of-Rebekah-Brooks.pdf • para 35, on the relationship between press and politicians, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Second-Witness-Statement-of-Rebekah-Brooks.pdf • 53-63, 65-68, on contact with recent prime ministers and their families, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Second-Witness-Statement-of- Rebekah-Brooks.pdf • 31/25-32/14, on The Sun being the first to receive scoops http://www.levesoninquiry.org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-11-May-2012.pdf

The Right Honourable Gordon Brown MP: • list of meetings with the media, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/Exhibit-GB3-to-Witness-Statement-of-Gordon-Brown-MP.pdf

1958

The Right Honourable Dr Vincent Cable MP: • 25/9-25/22, on the political influence of News Corporation, and the leaders of the major political parties having got too close to them, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-30-May-2012.pdf

The Right Honourable David Cameron MP: • meetings with media figures as Prime Minister, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/Exhibit-DC-1.pdf • 70/22-72/24, on text contact with Aidan Barclay, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-14-June-2012.pdf • note on meetings with media figures as Leader of the Opposition, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Exhibit-DC-2.pdf • register of member's interests entries referring to media related hospitality, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Exhibit-DC-3.pdf • paras 184-185, Jeremy Hunt's notes referring to speculation about a "deal" and that there was general suspicion when politicians met media barons; 188-191, publication since 15 July 2011, of lists of meetings with media proprietors, senior executives and editors (to be contrasted with the position in the past); 206-207, post 2010 election meeting with Rupert Murdoch, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ Witness-Statement-of-David-Cameron-MP.pdf • on his personal friendships with journalists and the circumstances in which he came to meet Rupert Murdoch in Santorini, para 79, 195, 199, 209-210, 212-214, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-David- Cameron-MP.pdf • 47, 218, acceptance that the relationship between politicians and the media has become too close, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness- Statement-of-David-Cameron-MP.pdf • 12/5-12/7, 14/21-15/5, relationship between press and politicians has been too close, has unhealthy aspects and has not been right for the last 20 years, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-14-June-2012.pdf • 33/5-33/10, 42/3-43/2, 57/12-59/17, 74/13-86/20, friendships with journalists and others, and dealings and friendships with Matthew Freud, Charlie and Rebekah Brooks, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning- Hearing-14-June-2012.pdf • text messages, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Copy- of-R-Brooks-text-message-to-D-Cameron-7.10.09.pdf • 13/4-14/4, 50/15-50/24, 52/20-53/11, 53/12-54/8, 97/20-98/4, on the effort required to deal with the news agenda and the risk of being distracted from policy by the news agenda; on the need to govern whilst fighting media battles; on the time spent dealing with the media; the risk of media engagement intruding on policy formation, leadership and government, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-14-June-2012.pdf

1959

Mr Alastair Campbell: • pp33-34, on his contacts with proprietors and journalists, http://www.levesoninquiry.org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Second-Witness-Statement-of-Alastair-Campbell.pdf • 53/13-56/10, on Rebekah Brooks as a constant presence, the frequency of his contact with her, and access to the then Prime Minister, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-14-May-2012.pdf • 50/5-55/9, on his and New Labour's relations with Rebekah Brooks, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing- 14-May-2012.pdf • pp20,23 p1, para 1.1, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Witness-Statement-of-Thomas- Mockridge.pdf on clinging on to the media management techniques of opposition whilst in government and on the time and energy required to deal with the media, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Witness-Statement-of-Alastair- Campbell.pdf • 60/15-63/6, on that part of Tony Blair's speech of 12 June 2007 dealing with the damaged relationship between the media and public life, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2011/11/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-30-November-2011.pdf • p25, on the time and energy required to deal with the press and on government seeking to be over controlling of the media, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/05/Second-Witness-Statement-of-Alastair-Campbell.pdf • 65/15-65/23, 82/4-84/4, on the amount of time required to deal with the media having become a problem, and his response to Lord Mandelson's view that too much time was spent managing media at the expense of managing policy, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-14-May-2012.pdf • 13/17-13/20, on newspapers becoming part of the political process, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-30- November-2011.pdf • pp21-22, on the failure of politicians to stand up to the media, patronage and the giving of privileged access to certain parts of the media by politicians, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Second-Witness-Statement-of-Alastair-Campbell. pdf • 66/10-66/19, on political patronage towards the media and giving the media too much of a sense of their own place within the political firmament, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-14-May-2012.pdf

The Right Honourable Kenneth Clarke QC MP: • table of contacts with media proprietors etc., http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Exhibit-KC3-to-Witness-Statement-of-Kenneth-Clarke-QC-MP- redacted.pdf • 28/9-30/9, on the rise of media pre-briefing and pre-budget leaks, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing- 30-May-2012.pdf • 53/9-55/3, on political competition for the support of The Sun and Gordon Brown's preoccupation with it, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-30-May-2012.pdf

1960

The Right Honourable Nick Clegg MP: • list of meetings and events, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ 2012/06/Exhibit-NC-1.pdf • paras 36-43, on his contact with figures in the media, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-Nick-Clegg-MP2.pdf • 21/20-25/1, 32/4-33/8, on his contact with figures in the media, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-13- June-2012.pdf • para 19, politicians must never again develop the dependency relationships of the past decades, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness- Statement-of-Nick-Clegg-MP2.pdf • 47/2-47/10, on the privileged access of journalists to politicians http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-13-June-2012.pdf • para 10, on the need for the media and politicians to build relationships but to avoid mutual dependency, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ Witness-Statement-of-Nick-Clegg-MP2.pdf • 98/13-99/9, on the consequences of the excessive proximity between press and politician (and press and the police): a feeling that the press could do what it liked, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-13- June-2012.pdf • 25/8-26/16, on the context of intimacy between the press (editors and proprietors) and politicians, and the need for distance, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-13-June-2012.pdf

Mr Paul Dacre: • 111/10-120/9, access to Mr Straw and Mr Brown in relation to the proposed amendments to s55 Data Protection Act 1998 and other issues of concern to him, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-6- February-20121.pdf

Mr Tony Gallagher: • 83/10-84/7, on maintaining distance, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/01/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-10-January-2012.pdf

The Right Honourable Michael Gove MP: • table of meetings with media organisations, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Exhibit-MG5.pdf

1961

Mr James Harding: • 91/1-92/5, on his social and semi-social contacts with politicians, and meetings with the Prime Minister, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-17-January-2012.pdf • p1, letter supplementing and correcting his evidence as to the occasions on which he had met politicians with either Rupert or James Murdoch, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Letter-to-the-Inquiry-from-James-Harding.pdf • 110/21-110/24, on the dangers of getting too close, in particular the historical example of politicians getting too close to a newspaper: The Times' support for appeasement, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Transcript-of-Morning- Hearing-17-January-2012.pdf

The Right Honourable Jeremy Hunt MP: • table of meetings with media organisations, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/JH-Annex-B-MOD300005624.pdf

Mr Evgeny Lebedev: • 19/5-21/4, on the extent of his contact with Prime Ministers, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-23-April-2012.pdf • pp3-4, his contact with politicians, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/04/Witness-Statement-of-Evgeny-Lebedev.pdf • 35/7-35/21, on politicians leaking information and speaking off the record, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing- 23-April-2012.pdf

Mr John Lloyd: • para 9, on contacts between journalists and politicians, especially the attitude of senior politicians to media proprietors, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-John-Lloyd.pdf • 3/22-8/4, on the nature of the relationship between press and politicians in other countries and compared to the UK, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-26-June-2012.pdf • 23/24-27/10, on the relationship between the press and politicians, especially "feeding the beast", New Labour's constant proactivity and more widely the "extremely attentive" attitude of politicians to the media, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-26-June-2012.pdf

1962

Mr Kelvin MacKenzie: • 33/3-33/13, on the desire and motivation of politicians to meet tabloid newspaper editors, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Transcript-of- Morning-Hearing-9-January-2012.pdf

The Right Honourable Sir John Major • contact with the press, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ Exhibit-SJM-1.pdf • turning down media hospitality and discouraging his ministers from doing so, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Exhibit-SJM-3.pdf • lunch for editors, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ Exhibit-SJM-4.pdf • para 27, on the excessive proximity between press and politicians and the resulting damage, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness- Statement-of-Sir-John-Major.pdf • 14/6-14/16, overly close relations prevent the press from holding government to account, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning- Hearing-12-June-2012.pdf

The Right Honourable Lord Mandelson • p6, on the closening relationship between successive prime ministers Tony Blair, Gordon Brown and David Cameron respectively with Rupert Murdoch, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Lord-Mandelson.pdf • 55/7-62/14, 79/10-79/11, on News International's and especially Rebekah Brooks' approach, especially assiduously keeping in touch; Gordon Brown's friendship with Rupert Murdoch, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-21-May-20121.pdf • p5, on media demands taking time from policy formulation and discussion, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Lord- Mandelson.pdf • 86/13-87/18, on New Labour's excessively media centric approach during its early years in government, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-21-May-20121.pdf

Mr Andrew Marr: • pp4-5, on the potential dangers of friendships between politicians and journalists, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of- Andrew-Marr.pdf • p7, on the self defeating amount of energy spent on presentation, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Andrew- Marr.pdf • 98/3-98/21, on the obsessive interest in headlines, media management and PR, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning- Hearing-23-May-2012.pdf

1963

The Right Honourable Ed Miliband MP: • list of media contact, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ Exhibit-EM-1.pdf • 31/16-31/21, on the "permanent campaign", http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-12-June-2012.pdf

Mr Dominic Mohan: • 57/23-58/2, on the frequency of his contact with the Prime Minister, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-9- January-2012.pdf

Mr Piers Morgan: • 101/17-104/12, on his own very frequent contact with Tony Blair and on Tony Blair's early interactions with Rupert Murdoch, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2011/12/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-20-December-2011.pdf

Mr James Murdoch: • para 9.6 & JRJM9, list of meetings and social events with UK prime ministers, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Witness-Statement-of-James- Rupert-Jacob-Murdoch.pdf-; http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ 2012/04/Exhibit-JRJM-9.pdf • para 9.6 & JRJM9, list of meetings and social events with UK prime ministers, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Witness-Statement-of-James- Rupert-Jacob-Murdoch.pdf; http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ 2012/04/Exhibit-JRJM-9.pdf • 56/8-69/14, his access to and contact with Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, and David Cameron, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Transcript-of-Morning- Hearing-24-April-2012.pdf • 83/16-85/20, on politicians' perception that the endorsement of a newspaper is very important and their interest in whom a newspaper is going to endorse politically, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Transcript-of-Morning- Hearing-24-April-2012.pdf

Mr Rupert Murdoch: • paras 99-100, on Tony Blair's conversation with Mr Prodi about Mediaset, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Witness-Statement-of-Keith- Rupert-Murdoch2.pdf

1964

Mr Peter Oborne: • para 5, first two sentences, observing that the Murdoch press typically forms an alliance with the party in power, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Witness-Statement-of-Peter-Oborne.pdf • 19/9-22/11, on the overly close relationship between press and politicians, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-17- May-2012.pdf • 50/1-51/7, on the leaking of details of Mr Osborne's budget, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-17-May-2012.pdf • 22/12-24/22, on favouritism, proximity and the crossing of appropriate boundaries between press and politician, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-17-May-2012.pdf

Lord O'Donnell: • paras 14-19; p. 11, on the risks and consequences of an overly close relationship, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Lord- ODonnell.pdf • 18/23-19/5, 22/10-26/16, on the increasing closeness of the relationship, the reasons for it and the risks, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-14-May-2012.pdf • 28/15-30/25, on the transition from opposition to government and politicians' relations with the media during this transition, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-14-May-2012.pdf • paras 16, 18, on the relationship between the press and politicians, especially the development of unhealthy "feedback loops" and the need for distance, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Lord- ODonnell.pdf • 75/11-76/14, on the increase in resources allocated to media relations, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-14- May-2012.pdf • p14, on the increasing number of SpAds with a media or PR background and the tendency of SpAds to see their role as boosting their minister's media profile, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Lord- ODonnell.pdf • 53/14-58/15, on the growth in the use of special advisers and the change in their skills base, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of- Morning-Hearing-14-May-2012.pdf

1965

The Right Honourable George Osborne MP: • tables of meetings with media proprietors etc. May 2005 – present, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Annex-A-to-First-Witness- Statement-of-George-Osborne-MP.pdf • 11/20-19/24, oral evidence about contact with media figures generally, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing- 11-June-2012.pdf • 50/11-51/12, 55/2-55/16, on the media pressures felt on 21 December 2010 after Vince Cable's remarks about the "Murdoch empire" were made public, and on the speed of reaction required of government to respond to breaking stories (including those arising from events at the Inquiry), http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-11-June-2012.pdf

The Right Honourable Lord Patten of Barnes: • 11/18-15/19, on the worsening problem of over closeness, how and why the problem emerged and where to draw the line, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/01/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-23-January-2012.pdf • 8/15-9/5, 11/8-11/16, on politicians "groveling" to the media and on paying excessive attention to front pages, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ 2012/01/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-23-January-2012.pdf

Mr Jeremy Paxman: • 118/2-123/3, on the need for personal distance and the relationship between politicians and journalists, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-23-May-2012.pdf

Mr Alan Rusbridger: • p12, News International dominant in British cultural and political life; politicians accept that they were too close to News International, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/01/Supplementary-Statement-of-Alan-Rusbridger.pdf

The Right Honourable Jack Straw MP: • 79/11-80/3, on the responsibilities of both politician and journalist, http://www.

1966

Mr Richard Wallace: • on the type and frequency of his contact with politicians, http://www.levesoninquiry.org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Witness-Statement-of-Richard-Wallace.pdf • paras 43-46, on his contacts with senior politicians, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Witness-Statement-of-Richard-Wallace.pdf • 39/17- 40/9, on the importance which politicians attach to media coverage, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-16- January-2012.pdf • 41/16-42/4, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-16-January-2012.pdf • 44/4-45/15, view that politicians got too close to News International, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-16- January-2012.pdf

Mr Neil Wallis: • 91/8-91/13, on the connections and interactions between The Sun and New Labour after the 1997 general election, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/04/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-2-April-2012.pdf • pp19-25, on his contact with politicians and what motivates them to communicate in the way that they do, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/ Third-witness-statement-of-Neil-Wallis-signed-13.06.12.pdf • pp18-29, his contact with politicians over the years, the frequency and nature of that contact, including his observation that politicians would "crawl over broken glass" to see Mr Murdoch and the example which he gives of sharing of an opinion poll with Mr Brown, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Third-witness-statement-of-Neil-Wallis-signed-13.06.12.pdf • pp23, 24, 27, on his contact with politicians, their desire to mix with journalists, e.g. the politician who ate three political breakfasts with different newspapers at a party conference, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Witness- Statement-of-Neil-Wallis.pdf

1967

Ms Tina Weaver: • para 64, on the type and frequency of her contact with politicians, particularly the frequency of her contact with Labour prime ministers, http://www.levesoninquiry.org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Witness-Statement-of-Tina-Weaver.pdf • 6/25-7/3, view that politicians got too close to News International, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing- 16-January-20121.pdf • para 63, on the fact that politicians leak stories, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/01/Witness-Statement-of-Tina-Weaver.pdf

Lack of transparency and accountability Conclusion (iii) Politicians have failed to conduct their relationship with the press sufficiently transparently and accountably from the point of view of the public.

Evidence base and factual summary Tony Blair: • 39/16-40/12, on not publishing media meetings and on Rupert Murdoch visiting Downing Street by the back door, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-28-May-2012.pdf

Gordon Brown MP: • 96/24-98/4, on failing to reform the lobby system, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-11-June-2012.pdf • 23/5-23/12, on the difficulties in changing the way politicians communicated with the press; 50/11-51/6, on the difficulty of changing a closed culture of politicians' communication with press, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-11-June-2012.pdf

David Cameron MP: • para 3, on the limits of disclosure of meetings made by Government departments; 4, 6, that social interactions which do sometimes involve political discussions are not disclosed, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Exhibit-DC-1.pdf • para 4, the reasons why a comprehensive list of contacts with members of the media could not be provided http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ Exhibit-DC-2.pdf

1968

Alastair Campbell: • paras. 48, that some meetings were not put in the public domain; 53, on avoiding the front door when Rupert Murdoch visited Downing Street, http://www.levesoninquiry.org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Second-Witness-Statement-of-Alastair-Campbell.pdf • 49/3-49/19, on the use of the back door of Downing Street to avoid media attention, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon- Hearing-14-May-2012.pdf • 57/24-61/6, on the risk of undue influence arising from disproportionate access and the need for transparency, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-14-May-2012.pdf • pp19-20, on problems when lobby briefings were off the record, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Witness-Statement-of-Alastair- Campbell.pdf • paras 19-22, on the problems with a closed lobby system, http://www.levesoninquiry.org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Second-Witness-Statement-of-Alastair-Campbell.pdf

Nick Clegg MP: • paras 36-43, that some interactions are not recorded; 48-50, on changes to recording meetings with senior media figures, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-Nick-Clegg-MP2.pdf • paras 12-16, 71, on the perception of undue influence when Rupert Murdoch acquired The Times and when New Labour opposed the retention of certain plurality controls in the mid-1990s, on the need for transparency, and on one-to-one meetings between the press and senior politicians, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ Witness-Statement-of-Nick-Clegg-MP2.pdf • 8/19-9/25, increases in transparency and the link between transparency and accountability, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning- Hearing-13-June-2012.pdf • para 11, on the need for transparency, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-Nick-Clegg-MP2.pdf

Michael Gove MP: • para 63, that it would be impractical to put all meetings with members of the media in the public domain, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Witness-Statement-of-Michael-Gove-MP.pdf

1969

Jeremy Hunt MP: • para 91, that there is a need for greater transparency on politicians' meetings with the media, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/JH-Witness- statment-MOD300005597.pdf

John Lloyd: • para 16, on the risks of an overly close relationship between press and politician and of press power and the need for (inter alia) greater transparency, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-John-Lloyd.pdf

Lord Mandelson: • pp15, on phone contact with Rupert Murdoch and the "sensitivity" of him being seen to use the front door of Downing Street; 17, on Rupert Murdoch being welcomed into Downing Street and ministers having "a cosy fireside chat over mulled wine in Oxfordshire with their favourite mogul to discuss media regulation", http://www.levesoninquiry.org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Lord-Mandelson.pdf • pp4, 5, on the consequences of spin and the need for an open relationship with the press, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Lord-Mandelson- Annex-1.pdf

Andrew Marr: • p7, on secrecy and self policing in the lobby system, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Andrew-Marr.pdf

Ed Miliband MP: • p6, that until recently interactions with senior media figures were considered private, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of- Ed-Miliband.pdf • p2, on the need for transparency, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-Ed-Miliband.pdf

Rupert Murdoch: • 13/5-13/14, on entering and leaving Downing Street by the back door, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing- 25-April-2012.pdf • 10/5-15/13, lunch with Mrs Thatcher at Chequers in January 1981, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing- 25-April-2012.pdf; http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/ Exhibit-KRM-14.pdf

Peter Oborne: • 47/9-47/24, on the lobby system and that political reporting has become "too inside", http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning- Hearing-17-May-2012.pdf

1970

Lord O'Donnell: • para 26, on limiting the meetings with members of the media which are published, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Lord- ODonnell.pdf • 36/15-38/2, on not disclosing meetings with journalists, http://www.levesoninquiry.org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-14-May-2012.pdf • pp3-7, discussions of amendments to the Ministerial Code with regard to transparency, that the increase in transparency was limited, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Exhibit-LOD-1.pdf • paras 28-31, on changes in government communications to be more open and transparent, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of- Lord-ODonnell.pdf • 20/12-21/9, on changing the lobby system in relation to who was allowed in and how it could be reported; 76/19-77/17, on a London-centric atmosphere at the lobby, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning- Hearing-14-May-2012.pdf • para 10, that there should be greater transparency about personal relationships, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Lord- ODonnell.pdf • paras 5-6, on the importance of transparency; 9-11, the importance of transparency and the need for greater transparency; 23, increasing transparency in the role of special advisors who brief media; pp. 10-11, on the need for transparency, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Lord-ODonnell.pdf

George Osborne MP • paras 2.2, 2.4, on incomplete records of interactions with members of the media, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of- George-Osborne-MP.pdf • 10/13-11/9, on incomplete records of interactions with members of the media, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Afternoon- Hearing-11-June-2012.pdf

Jeremy Paxman: • para 3.2, on the risk of undisclosed close personal relationships, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Jeremy-Paxman.pdf

Jack Straw MP: • 17/10-17/13, that the lobby has been even more incestuous than it is today, http://www.

1971
  1. The consequences of excessive proximity Conclusion (iv) In consequence of, or associated with, this relationship of inappropriate closeness, politicians have conducted themselves, contrary to the public interest, so as to:

a. place themselves in a position in which they risked becoming vulnerable to

unaccountable influences, in a manner which was potentially in conflict with their responsibilities in relation to the conduct of public affairs;

b. permit, accept or encourage the power and dominance of certain voices in

the press, to the impoverishment of public debate and the formulation and implementation of public policy;

c. miss a number of clear opportunities decisively to address, and persistently fail to

respond more generally to public concern about, the culture practices and ethics of the press;

d. seek to control and manipulate the supply of news and information to the public

in return for favourable treatment by sections of the press, to a degree and by means going beyond the fair and reasonable partisan conduct of public debate, particularly bearing in mind the responsibilities of parties in government.

Evidence base and factual summary Tony Blair: • 3/21-5/19, on his decision as a leader not to confront the issue of politicians' relationship with the press; 6/25-7/16, on responsibility for not confronting issues of proximity and the power of the press; 12/24-13/16, on his "strategic decision" not to take on the media, and the fear of the media's power; 43/19-43/22, that an inquiry on cross-media ownership would have been "a distraction for the Labour party coming into office"; 44/2-46/21, on communication with Rupert Murdoch on the issue of an inquiry into media ownership;

53/21-60/18, on the power of the press and his "strategic decision" not to take on media issues; 67/18-68/25, on his decision not to confront the Murdoch media, http://www.

levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-28-

May-2012.pdf • 24/18-25/10, on the responsibility of the political class for not dealing with the problem, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-

Afternoon-Hearing-28-May-2012.pdf

Rebekah Brooks: • paras 81-82, on the effect of newspaper campaigning on the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Bill 2005, and the campaign for resignations in the Baby P case; 84, that newspapers campaign for political resignations and that politicians talk to her about the newspaper's readers' perceptions of them, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Second-Witness-Statement-of-Rebekah-Brooks.pdf • 103/4-103/14, that Dominic Mohan or Tom Newton Dunn would have talked to Number 10 or the Home Office when launching a campaign for a review of the McCann case; 105/22106/7, that she was part of a strategy to use the campaign to persuade the government to undertake a review of the McCann case; 106/19-106/21, that the campaign was launched in order to convince the government to undertake a review; 107/2-107/11, that the campaign succeeded and The Sun 'won', http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-11-May-2012.pdf • 46/12-49/19, on The Sun's call for Sharon Shoesmith to resign, on discussing this with politicians and the way in which the campaign worked, http://www.levesoninquiry.org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-11-May-2012.pdf

1972

Gordon Brown MP: • 86/14-91/25, on special advisors briefing against other politicians, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-11- June-2012.pdf • 21/15-23/4, on a system of communication with the press where select people got early information, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-11-June-2012.pdf

David Cameron MP: • paras 22-33, on the risks in the relationship between politicians and journalists, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-David- Cameron-MP.pdf • 33/12-34/12, that politicians have briefed against others, http://www.levesoninquiry.org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-14-June-2012.pdf • 33/12-34/7, on favourite journalists, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-14-June-2012.pdf • paras 29, that the media can pressure politicians to modify specific policies and there is a risk that politicians allow the media to shape the political agenda; 31-32, that the risk is greater for politicians in government; 137, that sustained negative media coverage and pressure can make decision making in government difficult; 138-139, that the media can affect political and public appointments; 141, the effect of media pressure on Liam Fox and his decision to resign; 149-154, giving an example of the press shaping the political agenda in the Baby P case by bringing issues to the attention of politicians, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-David- Cameron-MP.pdf • paras 30-32, that lobbying by the media in relation to their interests has an 'added angle' in that politicians have a relationship with and interest in the media, and that this risk is greater for politicians in government who implement policy and set the news agenda; at para 56, describing the concerns of media companies about media and regulatory policy; at para 99, that media companies have a greater interest in the formation of media policies close to a general election when manifestoes are written; at paras 101- 102, that media organisations engage with political parties on media policies; at para 104, that the particular thing about media policy is that those affected by it also report it and communicate it to the electorate; at paras 105-120, describing the development of media policies whilst in opposition and the consultations with media representatives during the formation of Plurality in a New Media Age; at para 121, that media businesses seek to represent their interests to Government and parties; at para 156, that he would have discussed the BBC with Rupert Murdoch; at para 161, that he discussed the BSkyB bid with James Murdoch on 23.12.10, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-David-Cameron-MP.pdf

1973

Alastair Campbell: • 26/7-30/10, on Rupert Murdoch requesting that Tony Blair raise the Mediaset issue with Romano Prodi, and Tony Blair doing so, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-14-May-2012.pdf • p42, on leaks with a political motive, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2011/11/Witness-Statement-of-Alastair-Campbell.pdf • 79/1-81/4, on media advisors and media teams using relationships with the press for "character assassination" and to undermine other politicians, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-14-May-2012.pdf • paras 13-14, on presenting policies in certain ways to win support, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Second-Witness-Statement-of- Alastair-Campbell.pdf • paras 5-2, on the Conservative HQ feeding lines of attack, and stories that were often untrue, to newspapers, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Second-Witness-Statement-of-Alastair-Campbell.pdf • p49, on offering articles and interviews to the Mail, and briefing ahead of speeches, in order to improve Labour's relationship with the newspaper, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Second-Witness-Statement-of-Alastair-Campbell. pdf • 64/24-70/1, on the influence of the media on the way in which government works and that some political power has been ceded to the media, http://www.levesoninquiry.org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-14-May-2012.pdf • 22/5-22/19, saying that the impact of cross media ownership policy on the Murdoch press would be considered as a factor, in that the way in which a policy was written up or perceived was a factor in the policy making process, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-14-May-2012.pdf

Kenneth Clarke QC MP: • 45/5-45/12, on transactional relationships between journalists and proprietors, the engagement between PR operations of political parties and political operations in the press by media proprietors, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-30-May-2012.pdf • 45/15-46/21, on giving certain journalists early stories in order to control coverage, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon- Hearing-30-May-2012.pdf • paras 65-68, that government decision making has become more influenced by the media, the policy making climate has an excessive emphasis on media presentation, short term policy making in response to media coverage can lead to long term policy failures; 70, that the Government should strive for a better balance between effort spent on policy and on presentation, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness- Statement-of-Kenneth-Clarke-QC-MP.pdf • 8/11-8/22, that policy decisions have sometimes been taken primarily because of the fear of press reaction and because of press campaigning; at 10/10-10/16, that editors and proprietors can drive a weak government like a flock of sheep in some policy areas; at 11/9-11/20, that the power of the press is greater than that of Parliament, and that in some policy areas decision making is dominating by avoiding retribution from the press or by winning favour from the press; at 21/21-22/5, at 40/1-40/25, that the previous government, with 'a certain lack of subtlety', had appointed Paul Dacre to consider the 30 year rule for the disclosure of documents; at 55/11-56/19, that politicians have responded to tabloid newspaper campaigns with criminal justice legislation; at 57/19- 58/12, that politicians' responses to calls by certain newspapers for tougher sentences has (in his opinion) been detrimental, in that it has increased the prison population and overcrowding and has worsened reoffending, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-30-May-2012.pdf • 3/21-4/16, that the previous government's announcement before the election that they would only act on Lord Justice Jackson's recommendations in the areas of privacy and defamation was a way to win favour with the media; at 42/12-43/5, that he would expect the newspapers to win when it came to lobbying Parliament, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-30-May-2012.pdf

1974

Nick Clegg MP: • 6/12-8/18, on political clientism; 93/6-95/1, that politicians don't need to or shouldn't pander to press whims, and that an assertion of the right of politicians to make decisions in their own right would be helpful, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-13-June-2012.pdf • paras 5-8, on media influence over government policy and the responsibility of politicians to resist undue media pressure, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-Nick-Clegg-MP2.pdf • paras 62-64, describing the influence of media campaigns, the influence of media reaction on the content and timing of government announcements, and the risk of government being driven by press reaction; 67-70, that the press can have a censoring effect on politicians; 75, that media reaction is taken into account in public appointments and resignations, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness- Statement-of-Nick-Clegg-MP2.pdf • 2/13-3/12, on media influence over government policy; 20/22-21/10, on the power of a press campaign and the temptation of politicians to respond positively to campaigns in order to communicate themselves positively to the public, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-13-June-2012.pdf • paras 12-15, that the media have a unique amount of contact with the politicians that they lobby, that there is a risk of inappropriate relationships where the goodwill and opinion of the media is offered to politicians, and that the media has a direct route to influence public opinion on matters to do with its own sector, and that perceptions of media influence over policy has arisen in the past; at paras 36-43, describing contact with the media, and that media and commercial issues did arise during that contact; at paras 57-58, referencing examples of media lobbying on media policies; at paras 71-72, that newspapers can be one of the most powerful lobbying machines and are able to meet politicians without officials being present, and that there is a danger that lobbyists for the media have more power over politicians that other lobbyists, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-Nick-Clegg-MP2.pdf • 10/1-10/23, that media are often lobbyists in their own commercial interests and that the press are able to be judge and jury in their own affairs; at 31/15-31/25, that in discussions with editors and proprietors media and commercial issues have arisen, http://www. June-2012.pdf

1975

Michael Gove MP: • 2/12-2/24, that some politicians will regard their relationship with journalists as transactional, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-29-May-2012.pdf • 33/3-33/10, that some politicians change policies to win good headlines, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing- 29-May-2012.pdf • 10/1-10/14, that some politicians have bent to the will of newspaper proprietors in the political sphere; at 16/2-16/13, that newspaper proprietors can influence politicians in a way that is unethical or contrary to the public interest, http://www.levesoninquiry.org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-29-May-2012.pdf

Jeremy Hunt MP: • 91/25-93/14, on giving favoured journalists exclusive stories in the hope of positive coverage, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-31-May-2012.pdf

John Lloyd: • at paras 10-12, describing areas of media influence over political policy and areas of policy that impact on the media, and saying that it is observed and reported that the media's influence over public opinion gives them an edge when lobbying or negotiating with politicians; at para 22, that the media use the power their audience gives them to persuade politicians not to damage their interests, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-John-Lloyd.pdf

Sir John Major: • paras 12, on politicians trading leaks or stories that denigrate colleagues for favourable coverage; 50, on hostile briefing and leaking of the Framework Agreement with the Irish Government in 1995, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/ Witness-Statement-of-Sir-John-Major.pdf • on an example of untrue stories being given to the media for party political advantage, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Second-Witness- Statement-of-Sir-John-Major.pdf • 16/14-17/6, on stories being leaked by politicians to the press maliciously, in order to denigrate other politicians; 17/18-18/8, on politicians leaking private discussion of policy in order to gain advantage, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-12-June-2012.pdf • 88/4-91/2, on politicians or their advisors briefing the press with untrue stories, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning- Hearing-12-June-2012.pdf • paras 16, on political press secretaries managing news using favoured journalists and papers; 32, on party political press secretaries, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-Sir-John-Major.pdf • 17/25-18/8, on the leaking of private political discussions in government in order to seek press favour and damage opponents; 19/12-20/13, on spin and on journalists being given exclusive stories and reporting them with a favourable tilt for the government, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning- Hearing-12-June-2012.pdf • 18/9-20/13, on politicisation of government information services, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-12- June-2012.pdf • paras 17-18, on politicians using a relationship with the press to make inaccurate allegations about opponents' policies; 50, on hostile briefing and leaking of the Framework Agreement with the Irish Government in 1995, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-Sir-John-Major.pdf • para 31, on the exchange of information to favoured sources for friendly treatment, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of- Sir-John-Major.pdf • 63/6- 87/18, on the response of government to Calcutt 2, http://www.levesoninquiry.org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-12-June-2012.pdf

1976

Lord Mandelson: • 25/15-26/20, on leaking or briefing to the press on the subject of whether Tony Blair would call a referendum on the EU constitutional treaty, with the result that it became a fait accompli, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-21-May-20121.pdf • pp12, on Britain's national interests coming second to appeasing media prejudice on Europe, and Tony Blair having "sold the pass over Europe", 14, on influence of media over government policy via editorial content and campaigns and lobbying by e.g. Rebekah Brooks, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness- Statement-of-Lord-Mandelson.pdf • 19/16-21/3, on making concessions "at least on rhetoric and tone, language" on policy areas such as Europe; 29/1-33/1, on changing the presentation of policies and attaching too much importance to press proprietors, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-21-May-20121.pdf • pp2, on the transactional relationship between politicians and journalists, exchanging help with stories for favourable treatment; 4, the risk of abuse inherent in the transactional relationship, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness- Statement-of-Lord-Mandelson.pdf • 94/12-96/23, on the nature of the relationship between politicians and journalists as a trade, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of- Morning-Hearing-21-May-2012.pdf • 1/11-1/23, on the "transactional process" between politicians and the media, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon- Hearing-21-May-20121.pdf • pp11, that the media can shape how policies are received by the public which can have an effect on party leaders, describing media influence in particular policy areas, and the way in which media reaction influenced Tony Blair's appointment of Jack Straw as Foreign Secretary; 12, that Britain's interests on Europe have come second to governments pandering to media prejudice; 14, that media influence on policies can take the form of bullying editorials, that Rebekah Brooks was adroit at pushing her views on government, and that Sun campaigns intruded into government policy making; 16, the relationship between Labour party policy on Europe and Rupert Murdoch, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Lord-Mandelson.pdf

1977

Andrew Marr: • 64/20-67/25, on relationships between politicians and newspapers or journalists that gave them favourable treatment, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-23-May-2012.pdf • pp3-4, on ministers leaking against other ministers, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Andrew-Marr.pdf • p8, on Tony Blair offering different presentations of his views on Europe to different newspapers, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness- Statement-of-Andrew-Marr.pdf • 68/1-69/1, on an article by Tony Blair in The Sun, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-23-May-2012.pdf • p7, on politicians spinning and distorting information, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Andrew-Marr.pdf • p4, that getting stories requires a personal relationship with politicians, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Andrew- Marr.pdf • pp7, that politicians are terrified to be seen to impose controls on journalism; 10, that the largest media organisations have a strong influence on media policies, giving examples, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of- Andrew-Marr.pdf • p10, that the largest media organisations have a strong influence on media policies, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of- Andrew-Marr.pdf

Ed Miliband MP: • p2, on the risk of media support in return for favours from politicians, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-Ed-Miliband. pdf • 30/19-31/11, on off the record briefing against colleagues, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-12-June-2012.pdf • p2, that the risk of a relationship between senior politicians at a national level and the media is that an inappropriate degree of closeness affects decisions in relation to issues such as media ownership, giving the example of concerns over BSkyB; at p4, that the concentration of media ownership has increased the conflict between politicians' duty to the public interest and their interest in remaining on good terms with a powerful media proprietor, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness- Statement-of-Ed-Miliband.pdf

1978 1979

Jeremy Paxman: • para 2.12, on politicians telling journalists things to settle a score or undermine a colleague, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of- Jeremy-Paxman.pdf • para 2.13, on the politicisation of the government information service, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Jeremy- Paxman.pdf • paras 2.10, that the media has an influence over public policy; 10.1, giving examples of governing in response to headlines, including amendments to legislation to reform the NHS, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness- Statement-of-Jeremy-Paxman.pdf • 121/23-122/19, that politicians caring too much about how they are portrayed in the media risks ending up with legislation like the Dangerous Dogs Act, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-23-May-2012.pdf

Jack Straw MP: • para 11, on the risk of politicians being influenced by the agendas of media organisations, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of- Jack-Straw-MP.pdf • para 24, on the risk of opposition politicians "playing fast and loose with statistics", http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Jack- Straw-MP.pdf • 5/3-5/11, on most political stories being "knocking stories", and on relationships between particular journalists and opposition spokespeople; 5/12-5/17, on building relationships with correspondents to "build up stories and enjoy the results", http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-16-May-2012.pdf • 78/14-79/6, on the privileging of some journalists and newspapers over others, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning- Hearing-16-May-2012.pdf • 78/14-79/6, that specific newspapers or journalists were favoured by Downing Street or ministers, that these groups were "very, very incestuous", http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-16-May-2012.pdf • paras 115, that the media plays an important role in the development of policy; 117, the political class has indulged the tendency of sections of the media to exercise power without responsibility; 119-122, that pressure from the press can be intense in certain policy areas, and that he had sometimes pursued a policy due to media coverage, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Jack- Straw-MP.pdf • paras 83-90, describing media lobbying and influence on the penalty for misuse of data; at para 91, the appointment of Paul Dacre to head the review of the 30 year rule and that Gordon Brown and Paul Dacre had discussed the appointment ahead of Gordon Brown becoming Prime Minister; at paras 102-111, describing media influence over the formation of s.12 p52, lines 3-12, Professor Jennifer Hornsby, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/ Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-16-July-2012.pdf of the Human Rights Act, • http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of- Jack-Straw-MP.pdf

1980
  • 13/8-13/23, that prior to becoming leader Gordon Brown had discussed Paul Dacre heading an inquiry into the 30 year rule and that there were lots of conversations between government and Paul Dacre and other members of the press in relation to s55 of the Data Protection Act; at 31/8-31/25, on press lobbying and involvement that resulted in s13 of the Human Rights Act; 37/14-38/22, on the development of s13 of the Human Rights Act and Lord Wakeham's influence on behalf of the press; at 40/4-40/9, that Lord Wakeham's agreement would deliver the support of both the press and the Conservative front bench; at 44/21-46/12, describing the lobbying of influential media figures on the issue of s55 of the Data Protection Act ; at 51/6-51/12, discussing the negotiation with the press that led to ss77 and 78 of the Data Protection Act; at 52/24-53/23, describing the influence of lobbying from regional and local press over conditional fee agreements, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-16- May-2012.pdf

Richard Wallace: • 44/4-45/1, that politicians should have more backbone when dealing with media organisations and take care of the welfare of the people not the welfare of a media organisation, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/ Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-16-January-2012.pdf • 45/22-46/12, that politicians would listen when he expressed a view on behalf of a newspaper that they did or did not like a policy, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/01/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-16-January-2012.pdf

Neil Wallis: • pp21-22, on supporters of Gordon Brown briefing against Tony Blair and planting disinformation, and Rupert Murdoch's support for Gordon Brown, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Third-witness-statement-of-Neil- Wallis-signed-13.06.12.pdf • p21, that his relationship with Alastair Campbell helped him to gain exclusive stories as an editor, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Third-witness-statement-of-Neil-Wallis-signed-13.06.12.pdf • pp16-17, that in general politicians will not wish to go to war with the media, that being in the middle of a media onslaught is deeply unpleasant, and that some politicians are very sensitive to press coverage; 28, that politicians at a senior level knew of phone hacking but lacked the political will to expose it because of the interest all political parties have in access to supportive press, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/07/Third-witness-statement-of-Neil-Wallis-signed-13.06.12.pdf • pp7-9, on newspapers seeking to influence political events and acting in an 'opposition role', and on media influence on policy such as Tony Blair's undertaking to hold a referendum on the Euro and the setting up of the Leveson Inquiry; 14-15, on media influence over government appointments; 23, on the effect of a News of the World poll on Gordon Brown's decision whether to call a snap election, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/07/Third-witness-statement-of-Neil-Wallis-signed-13.06.12.pdf • pp10-12, gives examples of the media lobbying government on media issues, http:// www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Third-witness-statement-of- Neil-Wallis-signed-13.06.12.pdf

1981

Tina Weaver: • 4/5-4/23, on raising policy concerns and campaigns with Labour Prime Ministers; 5/1-5/10, that she would discuss policies in meetings with politicians, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing- 16-January-20121.pdf

  1. The consequences on public confidence in and the public perception of the relationship between politicians and the press Conclusion (v) A combination of these factors has contributed to a lessening of public confidence in the conduct of public affairs, including by giving rise to legitimate perceptions and concerns that politicians and the press have traded power and influence in ways which are contrary to the public interest. These perceptions and concerns are particularly acute, inevitably, in relation to the conduct by politicians in government of public policy issues in relation to the press itself.

Evidence base and factual summary The matters set out below are in addition to the matters already set out above in this notice insofar as they are relevant to public confidence and public perceptions.

David Cameron MP: • para 25, that a relationship between senior politicians and the media can lead to a public perception of media influence over politicians, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-David-Cameron-MP.pdf

Alastair Campbell: • para 30, that the diminution in trust between the media and politicians has negatively impacted on the public debate and engagement in politics, and that as a consequence our politics, quality of democracy and the country have been damaged, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Second-Witness-Statement-of- Alastair-Campbell.pdf

Kenneth Clarke QC MP: • 47/13-49/5, that political appointments with tabloid experience to the post of Director of Communications for the government was a marked changes of culture that has affected the way in which government interacts with services, and has led to an unhealthy preoccupation with newspapers on the part of government, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-30-May-2012.pdf

1982

Sir John Major: • para 32, that party political appointees as press secretaries and as special advisers have meant that the word of the government spokesman is less likely to be accepted as dispassionate and accurate, and creates an invidious position if the person returns to journalism having had access to sensitive material, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/ wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-Sir-John-Major.pdf • 18/9-20/13, that making political appointments to government communications was a retrograde step, and that the politicisation of government information services meant the news is not presented accurately and fairly, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-12-June-2012.pdf

Lord Mandelson: • pp3 and 4, in an extract from The Blair Revolution Revisited, that much of what government does is dismissed as spin, that ministers are disbelieved and government as a whole is mistrusted; that policies should not be announced as if driven by headlines, re-announcing should not happen, government should be scrupulous with the facts and ministers should be more open and directly engage with all the media rather than a selection, http://www. levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Lord-Mandelson-Annex-1.pdf • 98/1-102/2, about the relationship between the government and the media, describing the relationships of specific governments with the media, that the demands and scepticism of the press have become greater, and that the tension in the relationship became unbearable; that the losers in the breakdown of the relationship are the public, who do not know who or what to believe and who are misguided by the way news or political information is presented, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-21-May-2012.pdf • Lord Mandelson 87/22-89/21, referring to his book The Blair Revolution Revisited, that the overuse and misuse of media skills by the New Labour government had harmed the character of the government, and that spin in the eyes of the media became anything that a minister or someone working for a minister said, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wpcontent/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Afternoon-Hearing-21-May-20121.pdf

Ed Miliband MP: • p4, that trust in media and politicians has been harmed by revelations of relationships between some representatives of the media and politicians, http://www.levesoninquiry. org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Witness-Statement-of-Ed-Miliband.pdf

Peter Oborne: • para 6, that the invisible connection between politicians and the media has done harm to the public interest, and that a great deal of 'news' has been a manifestation of manipulative populism – i.e. a manifestation of power, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Peter-Oborne.pdf • 6/16-7/19, that government communications under New Labour constituted a new epistemology where truth was defined as that which served the purposes of the government or the party in power, and that denials or assertions were an instrument of government rather than of the truth; and at 39/15-40/25, that having a political figure deliver briefings to the lobby is a hazard, and that a civil servant should brief on behalf of the government, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-17-May-2012.pdf

1983

Lord O'Donnell: • at para 32, that the Order in Council used by the Blair government created the impression of politicisation in Downing Street communications and that it is perception that is the critical test in propriety and ethics, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/ uploads/2012/05/Witness-Statement-of-Lord-ODonnell.pdf • 77/18-82/8, that it is important that the Prime Minister's official spokesman is a civil servant with absolute credibility, and that there is a weakness in the special adviser system with regards to managerial responsibility, and that ministers should be clear about what their special advisers should be doing in relation to the media, http://www.levesoninquiry.org. uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning-Hearing-14-May-2012.pdf

Jack Straw MP: • 2/9-2/24, that politicians getting too close to the press undermine their own integrity, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Transcript-of-Morning- Hearing-16-May-2012.pdf

Neil Wallis: • pp3-4, that government and political party PR machines do not give the public the rounded impression of elected politicians that they need, that official PR can be described as propaganda, http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Third-witness-statement-of-Neil-Wallis-signed-13.06.12.pdf

1985

Bibliography Reports Australian Government, Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Media and Media Regulation, (Canberra, Australian Government, 2012) Australian Government, Convergence Review, Final Report, (Canberra, Australian Government, 2012) Department of National Heritage, Review of Press Self-Regulation, (London, HMSO, 1993) Great Britain, Report on the British Press, (London, PEP, 1938) Great Britain, Royal Commission on the Press, 1947-1949: Report, (London, HMSO, 1949) Great Britain, Royal Commission on the Press 1961-1962: Report, (London, HMSO, 1962) Great Britain, The Report of the Committee on Privacy, (London, HMSO, 1972) Great Britain, Royal Commission on the Press: Final Report, (London, HMSO, 1977) Home Office, The Report of the Committee on Privacy and Related Matters, (London, HMSO, 1990) Information Commissioner's Office, What Price Privacy Now?, (Wilmslow, Information Commissioner's Office, 2006) Information Commissioner's Office, What Price Privacy?, (Wilmslow, Information Commissioner's Office, 2006) The Law Commission, The News Media Meets 'New Media': Rights, Responsibilities and Regulation in the Digital Age, (Wellington, the Law Commission, 2011)

Books and other publications Barendt, E, Freedom of Speech, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007) Bingham, A, 'Drinking in the Last Chance Saloon: The British press and the crisis of self-regulation, 1989-95' in Media History 13 (1) (2007) Bingham, T, The Rule of Law (London, Penguin, 2010) Blair, T, A Journey, (London, Hutchinson, 2010) Burden, P, News of the World, Fake Sheikhs and Royal Trappings, (London, Eye Books, 2008) Campbell, A, Diaries Volume One: Prelude to Power 1994-1997, (London, Hutchinson, 2010) Campbell, A, Diaries Volume Two: The Power and the People, (London, Hutchinson, 2011)

1986

Campbell, A, Diaries Volume Three: Power and Responsibility, (London, Hutchinson, 2011) Campbell, A, Diaries Volume Four: The Burden of Power: Countdown to Iraq, (London, Hutchinson, 2012) Cathcart, B, Everybody's Hacked Off: Why We Don't Have the Press We Deserve and What to Do About It, (London, Penguin, 2012) Davies, N, Flat Earth News, (London, Vintage, 2009) Dean, M, Democracy Under Attack: How the Media Distort Policy and Politics, (Bristol, Policy Press 2011) Eberwein, T, Fengler, S, Lauk, E, Leppik-Bork, T, (Eds.), Mapping Media Accountability – in Europe and Beyond, (Cologne, Halem, 2011) Feldman, D, 'Secrecy, Dignity or Autonomy? Views of Privacy as a Civil Liberty' in Current Legal Problems (1994) 47(Part 2), pp41-71. Frost, C., Journalism Ethics and Regulation, (London, Pearson, 2007) Jukes, P, The Fall of the House of Murdoch, (London, Unbound, 2012) Labour Party, The People and the Media, (London, Labour Party, 1974) Lester, A, & Pannick, D, Human Rights Law and Practice, (London, Lexis Nexis, 2009) Lyons, D, Mr Paparazzi, (London, John Blake Publishing Ltd, 2010) Major, J, John Major: The Autobiography, (London, Harper Collins, 2010) Mandelson, P, The Third Man, (London, Harper Press, 2010) Marr, A, My Trade: A Short History of British Journalism, (London, Macmillan, 2004) Marshall, S, The Tabloid Girl: A True Story, (London, Sphere, 2010) McAfee A, The Spoiler, (London, Vintage, 2012) MediaWise Trust, Satisfaction Guaranteed: Press Complaints Systems under Scrutiny, (Bristol, MediaWise, 2004) Moore K, Lewis P, & Lewis J, Images of Islam in the UK: The Representation of British Muslims in the National Print News Media 2000-2008, (Cardiff, Cardiff University, 2008) Moore, M, The Origins of Modern Spin: Democratic Government and the Media in Britain, 1945-51, (London, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006) Morgan, P, The Insider: The Private Diaries of a Scandalous Decade, (London, Ebury Press, 2005) Mullin, C, A Walk on Part: Diaries 1994-1999, (London, Profile Books, 2012) Oborne, P, The Rise of Political Lying, (London, Free Press, 2005)

1987

Appendix 6 | Bibliography O'Malley, T, & Soley, C, Regulating the Press, (London, Pluto Press, 2000) Page, B, The Murdoch Archipelago, (London, Simon & Schuster, 2003) Powell, J, The New Machiavelli: How to Wield Power in the Modern World, (London, Vintage 2011) Price, L, Where Power Lies: Prime Ministers v The Media, (London, Simon & Schuster, 2010) Rawnsley, A, The End of the Party, (London, Penguin, 2010) Robertson, G, People Against the Press: An Inquiry into the Press Council, (London, Quartet, 1983) Shannon, R, A Press Free and Responsible: Self Regulation and the Press Complaints Commission, 1991-2001, (London, John Brown, 2001) Shawcross, W, Rupert Murdoch, (Chalto & Windus, London, 1992) Snoddy, R, The Good, the Bad, and the Unacceptable: The Hard News about the British Press, (London: Faber and Faber, 1992) Watson, T, & Hickman, A, Dial M for Murdoch, (London, Allen Lane, 2012) Wolff, M, The Man Who Owns the News, (London, The Bodley House, 2008) Wyatt, W, The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, Volume One, (London, MacMillan, 1998) Wyatt, W, The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, Volume Two, (London, MacMillan, 1999) Wyatt, W, The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, Volume Three, (London, MacMillan, 2000)

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