ENDNOTES FOR CHAPTER 6

¶The citations that contain a reference to "CAIB document" with CAB or

¶CTF followed by seven to eleven digits, such as CAB001-0010, refer to a document in the Columbia Accident Investigation Board database maintained by the Department of Justice and archived at the National Archives.

"Space Shuttle Program Description and Requirements Baseline," NSTS- 07700, Volume X, Book 1. CAIB document CTF028-32643667.

¶"External Tank End Item (CEI) Specification – Part 1," CPT01M09A, contract NAS8 –30300, April 9, 1980, WBS 1.6.1.2 and 1.6.2.2.³³ 5 U.S.C. App § §1 et seq. (1972).

¶"STS-1 Orbiter Final Mission Report," JSC-17378, August 1981, p. 85.

Discussed in Craig Covault, "Investigators Studying Shuttle Tiles, Aviation Week & Space Technology, May 11, 1981, pg. 40.

Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle Challenger Accident, Volume V, 1986, pp. 1028-9, hearing section pp. 1845-1849.

"Orbiter Vehicle End Item Specification for the Space Shuttle System, Part 1, Performance and Design Requirements," contract NAS9-20000, November 7, 2002. CAIB documents CAB006-06440645 and CAB033- 20242971.

"Problem Reporting and Corrective Action System Requirements," NSTS- 08126, Revision H, November 22, 2000, Appendix C, Definitions, In Family. CAIB document CTF044-28652894.

¶Ibid.⁹⁹ R. J. Gomex et al, "STS-107 Foam Transport Final Report," NSNS- 60506, August 2003. 84 Report Volume I August 2003

¶Ibid.¹⁰¹⁰ The civil aviation study indicates that the risk to groundlings is significantly 25 Julie Kramer, et al., "Minutes from CAIB / Engineering Meeting to higher in the vicinity of an airport. The average annual risk of fatality Discuss CAIB Action / Request for Information B1-000193," April 24, within 0.2 miles of a busy (top 100) airport is about 1 in a million. 2003. CAIB document CTF042-00930095.

¶The umbilical wells are compartments on the underside of the Orbiter

where External Tank liquid oxygen and hydrogen lines connect. After the Orbiters land, the umbilical well camera film is retrieved and developed.

NSTS-08126, Paragraph 3.4, Additional Requirements for In-Flight Anomaly (IFA) Reporting.

¶Integrated Hazard Analysis INTG 037, "Degraded Functioning of

Orbiter TPS or Damage to the Windows Caused by SRB/ET Ablatives or Debonded ET or SRB TPS."

¶Ibid. 14

¶Ibid.

During the flight of STS-112, the Intercenter Photo Working Group speculated that a second debris strike occurred at 72 seconds, possibly to the right wing. Although post-flight analysis showed that this did not

occur, the Board notes that the Intercenter Photo Working Group failed to properly inform the Mission Management Team of this strike, and that the Mission Management Team subsequently failed to aggressively address the event during flight.

"Safety and Mission Assurance Report for the STS-113 Mission, Pre- Launch Mission Management Team Edition," Enterprise Safety and Mission Assurance Division, November 7, 2002. CAIB Document

¶CTF024-00430061. 17

Orbiter TPS damage numbers come from the Shuttle Flight Data and In- Flight Anomaly List (JSC-19413).

CAIB Meeting Minutes, presentation and discussion on IFAs for STS-27 and STS-28, March 28, 2003, Houston, Texas.

"STS-27R National Space Transportation System Mission Report," NSTS- 23370, February 1989, p. 2.

CAIB Meeting Minutes, presentation and discussion on IFAs for STS-27 and STS-28, March 28, 2003, Houston, Texas.

Corrective Action Record, 27RF13, Closeout Report (no date). CAIB document CTF010-20822107.

"STS-27R OV-104 Orbiter TPS Damage Review Team Summary Report," Volume I, February 1989, TM-100355, p. 64. CAIB document CAB035- 02290303.

¶Ibid. 24

"In-Flight Anomaly: STS-35/ET-35," External Tank Flight Readiness Report 3500.2.3/91. CAIB document CAB057-51185119.

STS-36 PRCB, IFA Closure Rationale for STS-35. CAIB document CAB029- 03620433.

Identified by MSFC in PRACA database as "not a safety of flight" concern. Briefed at post-STS-42 PRCB and STS-45 Flight Readiness Review.

¶"STS-45 Space Shuttle Mission Report," NSTS-08275, May 1992, pg. 17.

¶CAIB document CTF003-00030006. 28

¶"STS-45 Space Shuttle Mission Report," NSTS-08275, May 1992. CAIB document CTF003-00030006. 29

¶Both STS-56 and STS-58 post mission PRCBs discussed the debris events and IFAs. Closeout rationale was based upon the events being considered

¶"in family" and "within experience base."

¶"Problem Reporting and Corrective Action System Requirements," NSTS08126, Revision H, November 22, 2000, Appendix C, Definitions, Out of

¶Family. CAIB document CTF044-28652894. 31

¶Post STS-87 PRCBD, S 062127, 18 Dec 1997. 32

Elisabeth Paté-Cornell and Paul S. Fischbeck, "Risk Management

¶for the Tiles of the Space Shuttle," pp. 64-86, Interfaces 24, January-

¶February 1994. CAIB document CAB005-0141. 33

¶Letter to M. Elisabeth Paté-Cornell, Stanford University, from Benjamin

¶Buchbinder, Risk Management Program Manager, NASA, 10 May 1993.

¶CAIB document CAB038-36973698. 34

¶M. Elisabeth Paté-Cornell, "Follow-up on the Standard 1990 Study of the

¶Risk of Loss of Vehicle and Crew of the NASA Space Shuttle Due to Tile

¶Failure," Report to the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, 18 June

CAIB document CAB006-00970104. 35

¶M. Litwinsk and G. Wilson, et al., "End-to-End TPS Upgrades Plan for Space Shuttle Orbiter," February 1997; K. Hinkle and G. Wilson,

¶"Advancements in TPS," M&P Engineering, 22 October 1998.

¶Daniel B. Leiser, et al., "Toughened Uni-piece Fibrous Insulation (TUFI)"

¶Patent #5,079,082, 7 January 1992. 37

¶Karrie Hinkle, "High Density Tile for Enhanced Dimensional Stability,"

¶Briefing to Space Shuttle Program, October 19, 1998. CAIB document

¶CAB033-32663280.

¶Daniel B. Leiser, "Present/Future Tile Thermal Protection Systems," A presentation to the CAIB (Group 1), 16 May 2003. 39

¶John Kowal, "Orbiter Thermal Protection System (TPS) Upgrades." Space

¶Shuttle Upgrades Safety Panel Review, 10 February 2003.

¶"Problem Reporting and Corrective Action System Requirements,"

¶NSTS-08126, Revision H, November 22, 2000. CAIB document CTF04428652894. 41

¶Diane Vaughan, The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology,

¶Culture, and Deviance at NASA (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,

¶1996). 42

¶Richard Feynman, Minority Report on Challenger, The Pleasure of

¶Finding Things Out, (New York: Perseus Publishing, 2002). 43

¶See Appendix D.17 Tiger Team Checklists. 44

¶Allen J. Richardson and A. H. McHugh, "Hypervelocity Impact

¶Penetration Equation for Metal By Multiple Regression Analysis,"

¶STR153, North American Aviation, Inc., March 1966. 45

¶Allen J. Richardson and J. C. Chou, "Correlation of TPS Tile Penetration

¶Equation & Impact Test Data," 3 March 1985. 46

¶"Review of Crater Program for Evaluating Impact Damage to Orbiter

¶TPS Tiles," presented at Boeing-Huntington Beach, 29 Apr 2003. CAIB document CTF070-29492999. 47

L. Rand, "Impact Testing of Orbiter HRSI Tiles," Texas Engineering

¶Experiment Station Report (Texas A&M), 1979; Tests conducted by

¶NASA (D. Arabian) ca. 1979. 48

¶Drew L. Goodlin, "Orbiter Tile Impact Testing, Final Report", SwRI Project

18-7503-005, March 5, 1999. 49

¶Allen J. Richardson, "Evaluation of Flight Experience & Test Results for

¶Ice Impaction on Orbiter RCC & ACC Surfaces," Rockwell International,

¶November 26, 1984. 50

¶Though this entry indicates that NASA contacted USSPACECOM, the correct entity is USSTRATCOM. USSPACECOM ceased to exist in

¶October 2002.

177