Index
¶Page numbers in italics refer to figures and illustrations.
¶accidents, offshore drilling. See safety, offshore drilling active pit system, definition of, 109 Adair, Red, 167 Administration for Children and Families, 193 Administrative Procedure Act, 152 Agenda for Revitalizing Coastal Louisiana, 212 Alabama, effects of Macondo oil spill on, 131, 138, 140, 150, 153, 155, 172, 176–77, 185, 188, 278-79 Alaska, oil and gas industry in: Exxon Valdez spill, 36, 70, 130n, 132–33, 144, 189, 194, 211–12, 231-32; future of,
¶294, 299, 301–5; history of, 2, 31, 35–36, 40, 45, 46, 52, 63, 67, 78, 220, 301; recommendations for reforms in,
¶252, 253, 254, 261, 263n, 265 Alaska Natives, 194, 303 Alexander Kjelland (rig), 68–69 Allen, Thad, 136–39, 137, 147, 151, 156–57, 161, 164–67, 169 Alonso, Dan, 142 Amerada Hess Corporation, 227 American Chemistry Council, 233 American Exploration Company, 226 American Petroleum Institute (API), 30, 71, 225, 228-29, 241-42 Amoco, 32, 40, 43, 43, 45, 221, 226-27. See also BP Anadarko Petroleum, 2, 43, 48, 51, 90, 94, 227 Anderson, Jason, 5–6, 7–8, 17, 107, 109, 112–14 Andrus, Cecil, 62–63 annular preventers, for Macondo well, 93, 107, 108, 114, 274, 275 Apache Corporation, 227 Arco, 43, 45, 70 Arctic, oil and gas industry in, 35–36, 44, 250, 252, 253, 254, 262, 263n, 265, 294, 301–5. See also Alaska, oil and gas industry in Arctic Council, 304 Arctic Offshore Oil and Gas Operation Guidelines, 304 Area Committees, 265-66, 268 Area Contingency Plans, 265–66, 268, 271 Argo, 227 Army Corps of Engineers, U.S., 154, 156-57, 169, 204, 206–08 Asian immigrant populations, in Gulf of Mexico region, 179, 192, 193 Atchafalaya River, 199, 204 Atlantic Richfield. See Arco Atlantis site, 46–50 ATP Oil & Gas Corporation, 227 Audrey, Hurricane (1957), 25 Audubon Society, 141 Auger site, 23, 36, 38-40, 39, 42 Australia, offshore oil and gas industry in, 44, 224
¶Baker, James III, 221-22 Baker Hughes, 38, 44 Bankston (supply vessel), 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16–19, 130 barrier islands, along Gulf of Mexico coast, 154, 193–94, 199, 203, 206–07 beaches, effects of Macondo oil spill on, 155, 175–77, 185–91 Berger, Jonah, 188 berms, use of after Macondo oil spill, 151–57, 169; recommendations for reforms affecting, 265, 271 Bertone, Steve, 5, 9–11, 13–17 Betsy, Hurricane (1965), 27 Bhopal (India), chemical leak in, 231-34 BHP Billiton, 46, 51, 226-27 Bik, Holly, 177 birds, in Gulf of Mexico region, 141, 142, 143, 175–77, 181, 183 Birnbaum, Elizabeth, 151 Blanchard, Dean, 171 blowout preventer (BOP), 92; attempts to seal at Macondo well, 131–32, 137–38, 146, 149–50, 159–67, 159n, 253n,
¶273; and causes of Macondo well blowout, 115, 120, 121–22; engineering challenges of, 28, 49, 52; on Macondo well, 7, 13, 14, 19, 92–93, 103, 114–15, 121–22; recommendations for reforms affecting, 274-75; safety regulations for, 73–74, 152 Blue Water 1 (drilling barge), 23, 25 Boeing, 230 Bonnie, Tropical Storm (2010), 154 boom, use of after Macondo oil spill, 132, 140–41, 151–54, 153, 170, 177, 179 BP: and causes of Macondo well blowout, 90, 115–27, 125, 221; compensation of victims of Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 179, 185–86, 189, 193, 278, 283, 284, 287; containment initiatives after Macondo well blowout and oil spill,
369¶241–43; corporate revenue of, 2, 284; and drilling of Macondo well, 2–4, 42, 82–85, 89–90, 92–115, 132, 273, 274;
¶engineering innovations of, 31–32; expenditures on Macondo well blowout and oil spill response, 135n, 179, 184–85,
¶188, 189, 194, 238, 244, 278, 283, 284, 287; history of drilling in Gulf of Mexico, 23, 36–37, 40–41, 43, 45–53;
¶lawsuits against after Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 279; response to Macondo well blowout and oil spill,
¶16–17, 130–70, 174, 184–85, 188, 189, 194, 272, 274; risk-management processes of, 216–21; and safety issues, 2,
¶6, 216–21, 224–25, 295 BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Budget: What Happened to the Oil?, 167–69, 167n, 168n Brazil, offshore oil and gas industry in, 44 Breaux, John, 207 Breaux Act (1990). See Coastal Wetlands, Planning, Protection and Restoration Act (1990). Brice-O'Hara, Sally, 136 Bromwich, Michael, 241 Brown, Douglas, 4, 9 Brown, Michael, 137 Brown, Stephen, 297 Brown & Root, 21, 24, 32 Browne, John, 45, 47 Browner, Carol, 161, 165, 167–68, 167n Bullwinkle site, 33, 34, 36–38, 40 Bureau of Indian Affairs, 63 Bureau of Land Management, 26, 63, 76–77 Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement (BOEMRE), 55, 131n, 241, 255, 255n, 257, 261,
¶266, 273, 290 Burkeen, Dale, 17 burning of surface oil, after Macondo oil spill, 143, 159, 168–69, 168n, 168 Bush, George H. W., 24, 67 Bush, George W., 52, 137
¶California, oil and gas industry in, 20, 23, 26, 28–29, 29, 31, 56, 58, 63, 67, 135, 181, 297, 301 Callon Petroleum Operating Company, 227 Camardelle, David, 151 Cameron International Corporation, 131 Camille, Hurricane (1969), 27 Campbell, Pat, 167 Canada, offshore oil and gas industry in, 69, 302 capping stack, 162–67 Carden, Stan, 11, 13, 15, 16 Carla, Hurricane (1961), 27 Carter, Jimmy, 59–63 casing, offshore well, 91, 95; and attempts to seal Macondo well after blowout, 158, 162; in Macondo well, 4, 92–99,
¶102–6, 113, 115; safety regulations for, 30, 43, 152 cement evaluation tools, definitions of, 102 cementing, in offshore wells, 91, 99; and attempts to seal Macondo well after blowout, 132, 167, 169; and causes of
¶Macondo well blowout, 115–18, 125; in Macondo well, 1, 3–4, 7, 94, 96, 98–103; safety regulations for, 152, 228 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 141 centralizers, offshore well, 96; in Macondo well, 96–97, 116, 118, 123; safety regulations for, 77 C. F. Bean, 157 CGG Veritas, 44 Chaisson, Nathaniel, 102 chemical industry, safety issues in, 233 Chemical Safety Board, 219, 221-22 Chet Morrison Contractors, 44 Chevron: containment initiatives after Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 243-45; history of drilling in Gulf of Mexico,
¶21, 24, 29, 32, 42, 43, 46, 47, 50, 51, 84n; oil-spill response plans of, 133; and safety issues, 226-27 Chu, Steven, 138, 148–50, 148, 161–65, 253n civil aviation, safety issues in, 229 Clark, Donald, 17, 109 Clean Gulf Associates, 30 Clean Water Act, 80, 84, 200, 211, 245, 265, 280 climate change, 295, 298, 300, 305 Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana, 207 coastal and marine spatial planning, 201, 262–63, 281–82 Coastal Impact Assistance Program, 208 Coastal Studies Institute (Louisiana State University), 206 Coastal Wetlands, Planning, Protection and Restoration Act (1990), 207 Coast Guard, U.S.: recommendations for reforms in, 251, 256, 257, 266–74, 276; and regulation of offshore drilling,
¶62, 68n, 75–76, 301, 304; response to Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 17–19, 129–61, 163, 170 Coast Guard-Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement Deepwater Horizon Joint Investigation
¶Team, 130n
370¶Coast 2050, 207 Cocales, Brett, 97, 116 cofferdam (containment dome), use of after Macondo oil spill, 145–46, 159 Cognac site, 23, 31–32 Commerce, Department of, 255 Commission on Fiscal Accountability of the Nation's Energy Resources (1981–82), 63–64 Commission on Ocean Policy, U.S. (2004), 281 Concept Safety Evaluation program (Norway), 71 Congress, role of in regulation of oil and gas industry: history of, 56, 58–60, 62–63, 65–67, 70, 76, 79–82, 85, 269,
¶298, 301; overlapping committees, 288–89; recommendations for reforms in, 249–91, 299, 304, 306 ConocoPhillips, 31, 34, 40, 42–43, 68–69, 84n, 133, 244-45 Constitution, and environmental protection, 57, 67 contracting, in offshore oil and gas industry: history of, 24, 37–38, 40, 43–44, 74; and liability issues, 245-46;
¶recommendations for reforms in, 251–54; and safety issues, 221–22 Cook, Kevin, 157, 166 Cooper, Anderson, 139, 150, 157, 187 Cooper, George, 149 corals, in Gulf of Mexico, 174–75, 182, 183 Corexit (dispersant), 144 Costner, Kevin, 142 Council on Environmental Quality, 210, 260–62 Cox, Christopher, 234 crabs, in Gulf of Mexico, 175, 177–78, 186–87 Creole site, 21–22, 23 Crist, Charlie, 150, 151 Crone, Timothy, 167n Cuba, offshore oil and gas industry in, 254, 300 Curtis, Stephen, 8, 17, 109, 113–14
¶Danciger Oil & Refining Co., 2 dead zone. See hypoxia DeepStar consortium, 38 deepwater drilling: changing definitions of, 25–27, 31, 41–43, 41, 46, 52–53; engineering challenges of, 2, 24, 26–28,
¶31–34, 35, 36–38, 46, 52–53, 90–92, 94; future of, 293–306; history of, 21–53, 49; moratorium on after Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 151–52, 185; recommendations for reforms in, 249–91, 299–300; safety issues with,
¶35–36, 72–76, 216–45; size of reservoirs, 31–33, 36–45, 46–48, 51, 91; spill containment options for, 135–36, 14546, 149 Deepwater Horizon (rig), 1; blowout events of April 20, 8–19, 18, 88, 102–15; causes of blowout, 90, 115–27, 125;
¶crew of, 1–6, 191, 198, 223; and drilling of Macondo well, 2–4, 53, 92–115; history of, 1–3, 23, 44, 51, 53; oil spill,
¶127, 129–70; safety issues on, 6, 223; sinking of, 55, 130–32. See also Macondo well Deepwater Horizon MC252 Gulf Incident Oil Budget, 167–69, 168n Deepwater Royalty Relief Act, 23, 42, 76 Defense, Department of, 183, 208, 255. See also Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Dekle, Scott, 187 Deltares, 154 Dennis, Hurricane (2005), 48, 50 Denny, Patricia, 189 Department of Defense Appropriation Act of 2006, 208 departments, U.S. See specific departments under the first key term in their names (e.g., Interior, Department of the) Designated Engineering Representatives, 230, 234 Devon Energy, 47, 227 Diamond Offshore, 43 Dickey, Bob, 187 Discoverer Enterprise, 46, 49, 145, 159, 159 Discoverer Seven Seas, 33, 37 dispersants, use of: after Macondo oil spill, 133, 143–45, 147, 160–61, 169–70, 168, 174-76, 180, 181–82, 187;
¶recommendations for reforms affecting, 265, 269, 270–71, 278 diverter system, definition of, 114 Dodd, Mark, 176 dolphins. See marine mammals Dominion Exploration & Production, 225 Drake, Edwin, 296 Dresser Industries, 44 drilling terminology, definitions of, 91 drill pipe, 74, 91; in Macondo well, 4, 5, 6–7, 92–93, 104-08, 110-14, 111, 113, 120–21 Duplessis, Bonnie, 209 Duplessis, Clarence R., 209
371¶East Cameron Partners, 227 economy, effects of Macondo oil spill on, 173–74, 179, 185-91, 200; compensatory damages related to, 174, 179,
¶185–86, 189, 193, 278, 283, 284, 287; fishing and seafood industry, 139–41, 163, 170, 171, 179, 185–88, 188,
¶193–94, 197, 209; health problems of local population, 191–95; local businesses, 155, 163; oil and gas industry,
¶151–52, 185–86, 197; ports of, 186, 197; recommendations for reforms related to, 275–82; tourism, 155, 177,
¶185–86, 188–91, 197 Effective Daily Recovery Capacity regulations, 270 Eisenhower, Dwight, 58 El Paso E&P Company, 227 emergency disconnect system, and Macondo well blowout, 13–15, 114–15 Endangered Species Act, 80, 84, 181 Energy, Department of, 59; recommendations for reforms in, 253, 253n, 264, 267, 270, 272; response to Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 148–50 Energy Information Administration, 302 Energy Partners, Ltd., 227 energy policy: future of, 294–306; goal of energy independence, 56, 59–60, 294 Energy Resource Technology, 227 engineering: contracting for, 24, 44; for deepwater drilling, 2, 31–32, 35, 36–38, 53, 90–92, 94; of Mississippi River,
¶177, 194, 197, 204, 206, 210; recommendations for reforms in, 243, 269–70, 272–75; and response to Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 135–37, 143–50, 154, 156-62, 164-70 Eni US Operating Co., 227 environment, effects of Macondo oil spill on, 172-73, 173–95, 175, 176, 196-97, 202; deepwater oil plumes, 175,
¶181–82; marine ecosystems, 174–82; Natural Resource Damage Assessment, 182–85, 276; recommendations for reforms related to, 275–82; waste from response effort, 170; wildlife health, 139–43, 153–54, 174–82 Environmental Defense Fund, 187 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 235; recommendations for reforms in, 257, 262, 266, 267–72, 274, 278, 282;
¶and regulation of offshore drilling, 68n, 219, 255; response to Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 133, 143–45, 160,
¶167n, 170, 187 environmental protection movement, 29–30, 33, 56, 58–60, 63, 79–85, 197–213 Environmental Studies Program (Department of the Interior), 59, 259, 263 equivalent circulating density (ECD), definition of, 94 erosion, in Gulf of Mexico region, 197–213, 205 Eureka (drillship), 27 explosions, history of in oil and gas industry, 8–19, 29–30, 69, 102–15, 217–20, 216, 220 ExxonMobil: containment initiatives after Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 240, 243-45; history of drilling in
¶Gulf of Mexico, 25, 36, 40, 42, 42n, 45, 46, 84n; oil-spill response plans of, 133; Operations Integrity Management
¶System (OIMS), 231-32; role in response to Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 164 Exxon Valdez (vessel), oil spill from, 36, 70, 130n, 132–33, 144, 189, 194, 211–12, 230, 232, 270, 277n, 280, 288 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, 280 Exxon Valdez Trustee Council Science Panel, 211 Ezell, Randy, 5–8, 11, 15–16, 18, 112, 114
¶Fairways Offshore Exploration, Inc., 227 Farm Security and Rural Investment Act (2002), 270 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 230, 253n Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 257, 290 Federal On-Scene Coordinator, 130–31, 134–36, 135n, 138, 142–44, 150, 153, 160–62, 170, 270, 276 Feinberg, Kenneth, 189, 194, 287 Fina Oil & Chemical Company, 45 fish, in Gulf of Mexico, 139–40, 174–75, 178–81, 185–88, 193–94 Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S., 58, 206, 262, 303 fishing and seafood industry, 30; effects of Macondo oil spill on, 139–43, 163, 171, 179, 183, 185–88, 188, 193–94,
¶197, 209, 278–79; overfishing by, 199, 201 Fitzgerald, Timothy, 187 Flex Trend site, 31–32 Fleytas, Andrea, 7, 10, 15, 16 float valves, in Macondo well, 98, 102, 116–19 Flood Control Act (1928), 204 Florida, 208; effects of Macondo oil spill on, 131, 138, 140, 150, 153, 174, 177, 188–89, 191, 278; offshore oil and gas industry in, 67, 67n, 254, 297 Florida Department of Environmental Protection, 153 Florida Restaurant and Lodging Association, 191 flow-rate estimates, Macondo oil spill, 132, 133, 146–47, 149–50, 158, 166, 167, 167n, 274 Flow Rate Technical Group, 147, 167n Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 170, 187 food safety, concerns about after Macondo oil spill, 170, 185–88, 278–79 Forcenergy, 227 Ford, Gerald, 63 Forest Oil Corporation, 227 Formal Safety Assessment program (United Kingdom), 71 Forties Alpha platform (BP), 219 fracture pressure, definition of, 90 Frank's Casing Crew and Rental Tools, 44 Freeport McMoRan, 227
372¶Gagliano, Jesse, 96–97, 101, 102 García Márquez, Gabriel, 53 Garwin, Richard, 149, 165 Gauthe, Sharon, 192 Gazprom (company), 300 Geological Survey, U.S., 25–26, 28–30, 63–65, 79; recommendations for reforms in, 253, 263, 264, 270, 272, 274;
¶response to Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 147, 161, 166, 168n geology, subsurface, 52–53; Lower Miocene deposits, 47; Lower Tertiary (Paleogene) deposits, 23, 47, 51, 52; at
¶Macondo site, 2, 3, 89; Middle Miocene deposits, 3; role of salt in, 22, 24, 32–33, 39, 41-43, 45, 49, 52; technology for surveying, 27, 32–34, 37–38; Upper Jurassic deposits, 39 Geophysical Services Inc. (GSI), 37 Gervasio, Antonio, 12 Glasscock Drilling Company, 25 Global Industries, 44 Global Marine, 36, 44 GlobalSantaFe, 2 Glomar Challenger (drillship), 27 Gonzalez, Elian, 136 Gordon, Wayne, 163 GovernanceMetrics International, 231, 232n government, role of in oil and gas industry. See regulation of oil and gas industry, federal and specific departments and agencies by name Government Accountability Office, 261 Grangemouth Complex (BP), 218–19 Greater New Orleans, 191 Great Flood of 1927, 197, 204 Great Lakes, 263 Green Canyon, oil and gas drilling in, 40, 46–48 Greenland, offshore oil and gas industry in, 302 Guide, John, 4, 96, 97, 98, 99, 102, 116 Gulf Coast Claims Facility, 185–86, 189, 193, 283, 287 Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Council, recommendation for, 280–81 Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Science and Technology Program, recommendation for, 281 Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Task Force, 210, 279 Gulf Island Fabricators, 44 Gulf of Mexico: economic impact of Macondo oil spill on, 139–43, 173–95; environmental impact of Macondo oil spill on, 139–43, 173–95; environmental recovery and restoration of, 197–213; future of, 293–306; history of drilling in,
¶2, 21–53; recommendations for reforms affecting, 249–91; regulation of drilling in, 55–57, 62, 65–67, 71, 72–76,
¶80–85 Gulf of Mexico Alliance, 185 Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act (2006), 208, 210 Gulf of Mexico Integrated Ocean Observing System, 282 Guns of Navarone, The, 162 Gustav, Hurricane (2008), 197–98, 203
¶Hafle, Mark, 2, 97 Haire, Chris, 109 Hall-Houston Oil Company, 226 Halliburton Company, 38, 44, 74; and causes of Macondo well blowout, 90, 115–18, 123-25, 125, 223; and cementing of Macondo well, 1, 2–4, 90, 94–103; and safety issues, 222-24, 295 Hanzalik, James, 130 Harrell, Jimmy, 4–5, 11, 13, 17, 92, 107 Hay, Mark, 19 Hayward, Tony, 135, 144, 150, 157, 159 health, effects of Macondo oil spill on human, 141, 144, 170, 174, 185–88, 190, 192, 191–95, 277–78 Health and Human Services, Department of, 141 Hecht, Michael, 191 Heerema Marine Contractors, 44 Helis Oil & Gas Corporation, 227 Helix Energy Solutions Group, 244-45 Herbst, Lars, 135, 157 Hess Corporation, 51 Hickel, Walter, 29 Hilda, Hurricane (1964), 27 Hitec system, 110, 110n, 112 Holloway, Caleb, 113
373¶Holstein site, 46–49 Homeland Security, Department of, 62, 131, 255. See also Coast Guard, U.S. Hormuz, Straits of, 296 Houston, Oberon, 219 Houston Exploration Company, 226-27 Hsieh, Paul, 166 Humble Oil, 24, 27 Hunt Oil Company, 227 Hunter, Tom, 148, 149, 161–62, 165 Huntington, Hillard, 297 hurricanes. See specific hurricanes by name (e.g., Katrina, Hurricane) hypoxia, in Gulf of Mexico, 198–200 Hyundai Heavy Industries, 44
¶Ida, Hurricane (2009), 2, 92 Ike, Hurricane (2008), 198, 296 Incident Command Posts, 130–31. See also Unified Command Inglis, Andy, 146 injuries, offshore drilling. See safety, offshore drilling Institute of Nuclear Power Operations (INPO), 234–42, 239n, 240n Interagency Alternative Technology Assessment Program, 142 Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force, 262, 281 Interior, Department of the, 54; changes in after Macondo well blowout, 250; and environmental recovery and restoration of Gulf of Mexico, 181-83; history of regulation by, 29, 33, 55–85, 228-29, 239-240; recommendations for reforms in, 249–91, 299, 304; response to Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 55, 78n, 131, 131n, 143, 145,
¶152, 181, 183. See also Minerals Management Service (MMS) and other specific agencies by name International Association of Drilling Contractors (IADC), 72 International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 252, 304 International Regulators' Forum, 252, 254 Iran: oil and gas industry in, 36, 45, 296; Revolution of 1979, 31, 63 Iraq, oil and gas industry in, 296 Ivan, Hurricane (2004), 50 Ixtoc oil spill, 225, 244
¶Jackson, Lisa, 145, 160–61, 167n Jack 2 site, 23, 47 Jindal, Bobby, 138–39, 150–51, 151, 153, 154, 156–57, 169, 212 Johnfroe, Donald Jr., 192 Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling project, 27 Jones, Gordon, 17 Jones Act, 142–43 J. Ray McDermott, 24, 31-32, 44 junk shot, 148–49 Justice, Department of, 30, 287
¶Kaluza, Robert, 3, 6, 14, 98, 105, 107, 124 Kash, Don, 64–65 Katrina, Hurricane (2005), 50, 136–37, 145, 163, 191–93, 195, 198, 203, 206, 208–9, 212, 296 Keith, Joseph, 109, 112 Kelley, Merrick, 120 Kemp, Roy Wyatt, 17, 112 Keplinger, Yancy, 7, 11, 15, 16 Kermac 16 site, 23, 24 Kerr-McGee Oil Industries, 22, 24, 48, 227 kick detection, in Macondo well, 91, 109–14, 120-21 Kleppinger, Karl Dale, Jr., 17 Kuchta, Curt, 4–5, 7-8, 13, 14–17 Kuwait, oil fires in during first Gulf War, 149
¶Lambert, Lee, 107 Landrieu, Mary, 150, 152, 204 Landrieu, Mitch, 150, 151 Landry, Alwin J., 12, 14
374¶Landry, Mary, 130-31, 133-34, 134, 143 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 148 Leasing and Environmental Science Office, recommendation for, 258–59, 261, 262, 264 leasing of offshore drilling sites, federal, 61; and environmental considerations, 29, 59–63, 79–82; history of, 24, 26,
¶31, 33, 52-52, 58–63; recommendations for reforms in, 249–91; royalties from, 56, 58, 63–67, 64, 76–78, 295 Lee, Alvin, 156 Leno, Jay, 149 levees, on Mississippi River, 197, 204, 206, 208, 210 Lili, Hurricane (2002), 50 Lindsay, Sheryl, 155 LLOG Exploration Offshore, Inc., 227 lockdown sleeve, on Macondo well, 104, 120, 123, 127 Louisiana: effects of Macondo oil spill on, 138–40, 150–54, 156-57, 161, 163, 171, 174–81, 187–88, 191–95, 271, 276,
¶278; environmental recovery and restoration of, 197–213; oil and gas industry in, 21–53, 58, 60, 78, 292, 292-93,
¶297 Louisiana Act 6 (1989), 207 Louisiana Coastal Area Comprehensive Coastwide Ecosystem Restoration report, 207 Louisiana Coastal Area Ecosystem Restoration Program, 207 Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority, 208 Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Fund, 208 Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals, 140 Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, 140 Louisiana-Mississippi Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Working Group, 210 Louisiana National Guard, 133 Louisiana Office of Coastal Protection and Restoration, 154 Louisiana State University Charity Hospital, 195 Lubchenco, Jane, 167n, 168–69 Lutz, Peter, 133 Lyder, Jane, 181 Lynch, Richard, 146, 160
¶Mabus, Ray, 210, 211, 279–80 MacDonald, Ian, 186, 187 Macondo well: attempts to seal after blowout, 131–32, 137–38, 149–50, 159n, 162, 164-67; blowout events of April 20, 8–19, 88, 102–15; causes of blowout, 89, 115–27, 125; drilling of, 2–4, 23, 53, 89–115, 93; geology of site, 3, 89; naming of, 53 oil spill from, 127, 129–70; Oil Spill Response Plan for, 84, 133; permit process for, 77, 82–84, 104, 108, 127, 132; relief wells, 132, 135, 157, 158, 166–67, 169 Mad Dog site, 46–49 Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 80, 81, 83–84 mangroves, effects of Macondo oil spill on, 175, 177, 186 Mansfield, Brent, 10–11, 17 Manti Operating Company, 227 Manuel, Blair, 17 Marathon Oil Corporation, 51 Marianas (rig), 2, 92–93 Marine Board (National Research Council), 70–71 marine ecosystems, effects of Macondo oil spill on, 174-78, 180-182 Marine Mammal Commission, 181 Marine Mammal Protection Act, 80 marine mammals: in Arctic oil regions, 303; in Gulf of Mexico, 174–75, 178, 180, 181, 183 Marine Protected Areas, 282 Mariner Energy, 51, 227 Marine Spill Response Corporation, 132–33, 243 Marine Well Containment Company (MWCC), 243-45 marshes: effects of Macondo oil spill on, 139, 143, 154, 174-75, 177, 181, 186, 202; and environmental recovery and restoration of Gulf of Mexico, 202, 205–8 Mars site, 36–37, 40, 45, 50 Martinez, Dennis, 17 Massachusetts, coastal and marine spatial planning in, 201 Matrix Oil & Gas, 227 Matterhorn (rig), 19 Max Chouest (vessel), 19 McKay, Douglas, 58 McNutt, Marcia, 147–49, 161, 165, 274 Meche, Gregory, 12, 112 media coverage of Macondo well blowout and oil spill: effects of on food safety concerns and tourism, 187–88; initial, 129–30; of response to oil spill, 139, 141, 142–43, 142n, 149, 150, 167–68 Meinhart, Paul, 15 Melancon, Charlie, 150 Merritt, Carolyn W., 219 Meshkati, Najmedin, 223
375¶Mexico, oil and gas industry in, 21, 254, 300 microbes. See oil-degrading microbes Minerals Management Service (MMS), 54, 73, 75; and causes of Macondo well blowout, 126–27; corruption and mismanagement in, 77–79, 250, 251, 254–55; creation and early history of, 23, 33, 36, 38–39, 42, 56, 63–69; environmental protection role of, 55–57, 79–85, 206, 254–55; permit process for Macondo well, 82–85, 126–27, 273; permitting role of, 55–57, 254–55; reorganization of after Macondo well blowout, 55, 131n, 255; response to Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 19, 131, 131n, 133, 135–36, 145, 149–50, 152, 157, 161; revenue collection role of, 55–57, 63–67, 64, 76–78, 254–55; and safety issues, 67–76, 75. See also Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation, and Enforcement (BOEMRE) Mississippi, 208: effects of Macondo oil spill on, 131, 138, 140, 170, 177, 187, 191, 193 Mississippi Canyon, oil and gas drilling in, 2, 3, 31, 42, 46, 47-48, 53, 89 Mississippi Canyon Block 252, 2, 53, 89, 92 Mississippi River: agricultural pollution in, 198–200; effects of Macondo oil spill on, 177, 178; environmental recovery and restoration of, 197–213; geology of, 22, 27, 202, 204; in history of oil and gas industry, 22, 24, 27, 31, 37, 50; re-engineering of, 194, 197, 204, 206, 210 Mississippi River and Tributaries Project, 204 Mississippi River Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force, 200 Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, 206 M-I SWACO, 3, 98, 106 MMS. See Minerals Management Service (MMS) mobile drilling, history of, 24–26, 44 Mobil Oil. See ExxonMobil MOEX, 2, 90, 94 Montara (platform), 224 Monterey Bay Marine Sanctuary, 67 moratoriums, offshore drilling, 36, 52, 58, 67; in response to Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 151–52, 185, 247 Morel, Brian, 2, 3, 4, 96, 97, 98, 102, 104, 116, 123 Mr. Charlie (drilling barge), 23, 24 Mr. Gus (drilling barge), 25 mud, use of in offshore wells, 91, 105, 106; and causes of Macondo well blowout, 115, 120–24, 125; in Macondo well, 7, 8, 92–94, 96, 98–99, 103-07, 109-14; in top kill and static kill efforts at Macondo well, 149–50, 158, 166–67 mudflats, effects of Macondo oil spill on, 175, 177 Munich Re, 246 Murphy Exploration & Production Company, 227 Murray, Chad, 11, 13, 15, 16
¶Na Kika project, 46, 48 Nalco, 144 Napolitano, Janet, 131, 136 National Academy of Engineering, 223, 253 National Academy of Sciences, 264, 296, 303 National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, 151, 192, 225, 249–50, 291, 295,
¶305–6 National Contingency Plan, 130-32, 134-36, 138-39, 141, 144, 265-69, 271-72, 274, 277–78, 304 National Domestic Violence Hotline, 193 National Energy Act (1978), 59 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (1970), 29, 56, 59, 60, 62, 80–82; and Macondo well blowout, 81n, 82–84,
¶83n; recommendations for reforms in, 258–62, 265, 267, 289 National Incident Commander, 136–37, 141, 143, 156, 267, 268, 270 National Marine Fisheries Service, 140, 141 National Marine Sanctuaries, 80, 81, 282 National Ocean Council, 201, 276, 281–82 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA); and environmental recovery and restoration of Gulf of
¶Mexico, 201, 212; recommendations for reforms in, 253, 256, 257, 262–68, 270-71, 274, 282; and regulation of offshore drilling, 68n, 81, 84, 84n; response to Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 131, 133, 140–41, 143, 145, 153,
¶157, 168–70, 178, 181, 183, 187, 189 National Oceanographic Partnership Program, 264 National Research Council, 298 National Response Framework, 278 National Response Team, 131, 141, 268, 269, 272, 274 National Science Foundation, 28, 184, 276 National Wildlife Federation, 141 Natural Resource Damage Assessment, 182–85, 186, 264, 276–77, 276n Natural Resources Revenue, Office of (ONRR), recommendation for, 256-60 Naval Petroleum Reserve, 58, 296 Navy, U.S., 22–24, 58, 228–30, 234 negative-pressure tests, 105; and causes of Macondo well blowout, 118, 119, 121, 123–24, 125, 126; on Macondo well,
¶4-7, 104-09, 112; safety regulations for, 228 Neptune site, 23, 43 Newfield Exploration Company, 51, 226 Nguyen, Ve Van, 179
376¶Nigeria, oil and gas industry in, 36, 45 Nixon, Richard M., 29, 31, 59, 63, 135 NOAA. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) NOAA Catch Share policy (2010), 201 Norcen Explorer, 226 North Sea, oil and gas industry in, 23, 31, 34, 38, 45, 68–69, 71–72, 124, 218, 225, 252 Norway, offshore oil and gas industry in, 68–69, 71, 201, 218, 302 Nuclear Electric Insurance Limited (NEIL), 237 nuclear power, safety issues in, 229-31, 235-41 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), 235-37, 239, 253n, 258 Nungesser, Billy, 150–51, 151, 154, 156–57
¶Obama, Barack: address on Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 173, 212; commissioning of studies after Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 249, 279-80, 291; creation of BP escrow fund, 185; environmental policies of, 201, 210, 212,
¶262–63, 281; plan to expand offshore leasing, 53, 84n, 301; response to Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 131,
¶136, 148, 150–51, 151, 156, 162, 191 O'Bryan, Patrick, 5-8, 14, 105 Occidental Petroleum, 69, 219 Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA), 68n, 141, 144, 234 occupational safety, definition of, 218 Oceaneering, 3, 38 Ocean Endeavor (rig), 19 Ocean Energy, 226 Ocean Energy Safety Institute, 272 Ocean Foundation, 181 Ocean Ranger (rig), 69 OCS Group, 3 Odum, Marvin, 233 Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 72, 210, 251 Office of Natural Resources Revenue, 55 offshore drilling. See deepwater drilling; oil and gas industry, offshore; and specific aspects of the offshore oil and gas industry by name Offshore Drilling and Exploration Company, 24 Offshore Operators Committee, 28, 30, 72 Offshore Safety and Anti-Pollution Equipment Committee, 30 Offshore Safety Authority, recommendation for, 256, 257–58, 289–90 Offshore Technology Conference, 30, 52 Ognedal, Magne, 69, 218 oil and gas industry, offshore: corporate safety culture of, 215–47; future of, 293–306; history of, 21, 21–53, 55–85;
¶recommendations for reforms in, 215–16, 239–45, 249–91, 293, 306; regulatory history of, 55–85; and supply and demand for oil in U.S. history, 22, 25, 31–33, 34, 46, 52, 63, 293–306. See also specific companies and aspects of the industry by name Oil Budget report, 167–69, 168n oil-degrading microbes, 174 Oil Pollution Act (1990), 70, 80, 83–84, 130n, 132, 182–85, 191, 212, 232, 245; recommendations for reforms in,
¶268–70, 276, 279, 283, 286–87 Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund, 134, 135n, 141, 211, 283–87, 304 Oil Spill Response Plans, 83–84 oil spills: history of, 2, 23, 28–29, 29, 31, 36, 53, 56, 58–59, 63, 71, 130n, 132–33, 135, 144, 174, 181, 189, 194,
¶211–12, 216–20, 223–25, 230–31, 232, 241, 243, 270, 277n, 280, 288; after Macondo well blowout, 127, 129–70,
¶198 One Hundred Years of Solitude (García Márquez), 53 OPEC oil embargo (1973), 31, 56, 296 Orca Energy (Dunhill), 227 Oregon, offshore oil and gas industry in, 26, 67, 297 Oryx Energy, 43, 226 Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act and Amendments (1953/1978), 23, 30, 57–64, 79, 80, 84, 254–56, 262–64 Outer Continental Shelf Safety Oversight Board, 78–79, 78n, 82 Overton, Keith, 191 oysters, in Gulf of Mexico, 140, 163, 176, 178–79, 186–87
¶Paradis, Joseph, 130 Parish Presidents (Louisiana), 139–40, 154 Patzek, Tad, 229 Pemex, 254, 300 Pennsylvania, oil and gas industry in, 296 Pennzoil, 32 Perdido site, 51
377¶Perry, Harriet, 178 Petrobras, 44, 51, 226 Petroleum Geo-Services, 44 Philadelphia Electric, 238 Phillips Petroleum Company. See ConocoPhillips Pillow, Travis, 187 pipelines, oil and gas, 25, 30, 35, 49, 296, 302 Pipeline Safety Act, 256 Piper Alpha (platform), 23, 69–70, 217, 227 Placid Oil, 34 platforms, offshore oil and gas, 22, 24–25, 28, 30, 34–35, 35, 39, 41–42 Pleasant, Christopher, 6, 13, 19, 114–15 Pompano (U.S. Coast Guard cutter), 17, 130 pore pressure, definition of, 90 positive-pressure tests, on Macondo well, 4, 104, 105 President's Council of Advisors in Science and Technology, 298 President's Council on Environmental Quality, 81n, 83, 84n Price-Anderson Act, 237 Primary Care Access Stabilization Grants, 195 process safety, definition of, 218 Project Independence, 31 Project Mohole, 26 Prudhoe Bay pipeline (BP), 2, 222 Pure Oil, 21
¶Q4000 (vessel), 159–60, 159
¶R&B Falcon, 44 Ragen, Tim, 181 Rainey, Dave, 45 Ramblin' Wreck (boat), 10, 17 rams, in offshore well blowout preventer, 52, 74: and causes of Macondo well blowout, 122; in drilling of Macondo well, 92–93, 114; and oil spill after Macondo well blowout, 131, 137–38, 149, 275 Randolph, Charlotte, 150 Rapid Response Research (RAPID) Program, 184 Reagan, Ronald, 63, 66 Regional Citizens' Advisory Councils, 268–69 Regional Contingency Plans, 265 Regional Response Teams, 143, 145, 265, 268, 271 regulation of oil and gas industry, federal: and causes of Macondo well blowout, 126–27; changes in after Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 55, 72, 152, 211–12, 228, 255; compared to other nations, 69–72; compared to other risky industries, 229–41; conflicting priorities in, 28, 55–60, 65, 68–76, 80–82, 200–201, 228–29, 254–55; congressional role in, 56, 58–60, 62–63, 65–68, 71, 72, 76, 79–82, 85, 269, 298, 299, 301, 304, 306; Constitutional authority for,
¶57, 67; definition of lands under federal control, 58, 239; failure to respond to changes in industry, 72–74, 228, 239;
¶history of, 29, 55–85; and industry self-policing, 234-35, 237–42; liability issues, 243–46; recommendations for reforms in, 215–16, 239–45, 249–91, 293, 299, 306. See also specific regulatory agencies by name relief wells, at Macondo site, 132, 135, 158, 159, 166–67, 169 remotely operated vehicles (ROV), 38; in drilling of Macondo well, 3, 93; in response to Macondo well blowout, 19,
¶131–32, 146, 164 renewable energy sources, 256–59, 264, 294–95 Repsol (company), 300 Resource and Conservation Recovery Act, 106–7 response to Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 129–70; attempts to seal blowout preventer, 131–32, 137–38, 146,
¶149–50, 159–67, 159n; boom and berms, 151–57, 169–70; capping stack, 162–67; cofferdam (containment dome),
¶145–46, 150, 159; compensation of victims, 179, 185–86, 189, 194, 278, 283, 284, 287; confusion of authority in, 130, 135–36, 138–39, 149, 151, 160–61 dispersant use, 133, 143–45, 147, 160–61, 169–70, 174, 180, 181–82,
¶187; firefighting, 130–31, 130n; flow-rate estimates, 132, 133, 146–47, 149–50, 158, 166, 167, 167n, 274; local population and, 139–43, 152–55, 170; moratorium on offshore deepwater drilling, 151–52, 185; nuclear option, 146;
¶oil removal efforts, 132–33, 140–45, 151–57, 168–69; plumes controversy, 181–82; recommendations for reforms related to, 249–91; relief wells, 132, 135, 157, 158, 166–67, 169; search and rescue efforts, 12–19, 129–32; top kill and junk shot, 148–50, 158–59, 161–62, 166. See also specific companies, government agencies, and individuals by name Responsible Care initiative (American Chemistry Council), 233 Revette, Dewey, 5, 17, 107–9, 112–13 Rhode Island, coastal and marine spatial planning in, 201 Rickover, Hyman, 230 Riley, Bob, 150, 153 riser, offshore well: engineering challenges of, 37, 49, 51; and Macondo well, 7, 14, 18, 103–11, 103n, 114, 115, 120,
¶121, 124; and oil spill at Macondo well, 132–33, 132, 145-47, 159, 159n, 164
378¶Riser Insertion Tube Tool, 146 risk management, offshore oil and gas industry, 217-47, 251–54. See also safety, offshore drilling Rita, Hurricane (2005), 50, 136–37, 145, 197–98, 208, 212, 296 Robichaux, Brenda Dardar, 193, 203 Rooster Petroleum, 227 Roshto, Shane, 17, 112 Royal Dutch Shell. See Shell Oil rupture disks, in Macondo well, 158–59, 162, 274 Russia, offshore oil and gas industry in, 302 safety, offshore drilling: accident and injury rates, 3, 27-28, 30, 55, 69, 217-28, 226, 228, 232, 251, 254; changes in regulation of after Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 55, 72, 227, 243; compared to other risky industries, 229-42;
¶conflict with revenue generation, 56, 254–55; corporate culture and, 215–47; with deepwater drilling, 35–36, 90–91;
¶in hurricanes, 22, 25, 27, 50–51; inspections for, 68–76, 75, 78–79; insurance for, 245-46; recommendations for reforms in, 215–17, 239–45, 249–91, 293–95; regulation of, 28–30, 56, 68–76. See also explosions; oil spills Safety and Environmental Enforcement, Bureau of, 55 Safety and Environmental Management Program (SEMP), 71–72, 242 Safety and Environmental Management System (SEMS), 228, 251, 253, 257 safety case approach, 68–69, 227, 252, 252n, 258 safety culture, definition of, 218 Salazar, Ken, 55, 78, 78n, 131–32, 131n, 136, 147–48, 148, 151–52, 161, 165, 255, 260, 301 salt, role of in offshore oil and gas reservoirs, 22, 24, 32–33, 39, 41–43, 45, 49, 52 Salvin, Bill, 147 Sandell, Micah, 9, 12 Sandia National Laboratories, 149 Santa Barbara Channel, oil spill in (1969), 23, 26, 28–29, 29, 31, 56, 58–59, 63, 135, 181 Saucier, Mike, 135 Saudi Arabia, oil and gas industry in, 21 Schlumberger, 3–4, 38, 44, 103, 118, 129 Scire, Grace, 192 Sears, Richard, 223 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 234 Sedco-Forex, 44 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of, 75, 136 September 11th Victim Compensation Fund, 185, 287 Sepulvado, Ronald, 3 Shaw Group, 157 Shell America (vessel), 33 Shell Oil, 301–2; containment initiatives after Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 243-45; history of drilling in Gulf of
¶Mexico, 21, 23, 24, 25–26, 30–30, 31–34, 36–41, 45, 48, 51, 84n; oil-spill response plans of, 133; role in response to
¶Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 164; and safety issues, 226, 231-33 Shivers, Bradley, 10 shoe track, in Macondo well, 97–98, 97, 102, 120, 121 shrimp, in Gulf of Mexico, 140, 144, 175, 179, 186–87 Sierra Club, 65 Sims, David, 4–8, 14, 17, 19, 97 Skidmore, Ross, 4 skimming, use of after Macondo oil spill, 129, 132, 140, 143, 154, 161, 167n, 168, 169 Slocum, Alexander, 149 Smit Salvage Americas, 130 Sole, Mike, 153 Sonat Offshore Drilling, 33, 37 spacer, in Macondo well, 7, 7n, 106–9, 106, 111–12, 119, 121 Sperry Sun, 109–11, 110n, 112, 121 Spill of National Significance designation, 136–37, 155, 267–68, 278–79, 283, 287 Sport Fish Restoration and Boating Trust Fund, 207 Stafford Act (1988), 138, 268–69 Standard Oil of California, 21 Standard Oil of New Jersey, 24 Stanislaus, Mathy, 161 State On-Scene Coordinators, 138 static kill, 166–68 Statoil, 44, 47, 51 Stone Energy Corporation, 227 Strategic Petroleum Reserve, 296–97 Strickland, Tom, 136 Submerged Lands Act (1953), 23, 58 SUBSAFE system, 230-31, 234 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration, 194 Sunseri, Al, 163 Sunseri, Blake, 163 Sunseri, Sal, 163
379¶Superior Energy Services, 167 Superior Oil, 21 Suttles, Doug, 133, 134, 145, 146, 159, 164
¶Tabler, Vincent, 102 Taffaro, Craig, 140 Tana Oil and Gas Corporation, 226 Taylor, Sharon, 142 Technip, 44 temporary abandonment procedures, 4n, 77, 103; at Macondo well, 4, 6, 103–6, 109, 119–20, 123, 126–27 Tenneco, 32 Texaco, 21, 27, 38 Texas: effects of Macondo oil spill on, 177; oil and gas industry in, 2, 21–53, 58, 217–20, 297 Texas City refinery (BP), 2, 218–22 Thierens, Harry, 138 3-D seismic imaging, for offshore drilling, 27, 33, 37–38, 42–45 Three Mile Island meltdown (1979), 229, 235, 239, 240n Thunder Horse site, 23, 46-47, 49 Tiber site, 51 Tillerson, Rex, 232, 240 Tolstoy, Maya, 167n Tooms, Paul, 150, 161 top kill, 148–50, 158–59, 161–62, 166 Total (oil company), 43, 44, 52 tourism, effects of Macondo oil spill on, 155, 185–86, 188–91, 197 Trahan, Buddy, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 Trans-Alaska Pipeline, 35, 302 Transocean, 44, 74; and causes of Macondo well blowout, 90, 115–27, 124, 223; and drilling of Macondo well, 2–4, 90,
¶92–115 response to Macondo well blowout and oil spill, 130–31, 137–38; and safety issues, 223-23, 295 Transportation, Department of, 68n, 255 tribal communities, in Gulf of Mexico region, 193–94 Tri-Union Development Corporation, 227 Truman, Harry, 58, 296, 298 Trustees for Natural Resources, 277, 282 tuna, in Gulf of Mexico, 83n, 175, 178, 180 Turner, Eugene, 177 turtles, in Gulf of Mexico, 175, 180–81, 180, 183, 184
¶Ultra-Deepwater and Unconventional Natural Gas and Other Petroleum Resources Program, 253 Unified Area Command, 131, 135, 139, 161, 181 Unified Command, 131–33, 135, 138–41, 143–46, 149, 154 Union of Concerned Scientists, 239n Union Oil Company, 28, 32, 58, 227 Union Pacific Resources Company, 227 United Houma Nation, 193–94, 203 United Kingdom, offshore oil and gas industry in, 69–72, 218-19, 228-29 United Kingdom Health and Safety Executive, 218-19 U.S. departments and services. See specific departments and services under the first key term in their names (e.g., Coast Guard, U.S.; Interior, Department of the) USS Thresher (submarine), 229, 230, 231 Utilities Solid Wastes Activities Group, 235
¶Valdez, oil spill from See Exxon Valdez (vessel), oil spill from Van Oord, 154 Vastar Resources, 226 Vessels of Opportunity program, 129, 140–41, 170, 287 Vidrine, Don, 6, 8, 13, 107–8, 112 Virginia, offshore oil and gas industry in, 301 Vitter, David, 150, 156
¶W & T Offshore, 227 Walter Oil & Gas Corporation, 227
380¶Walz, Gregory, 97 Washington, offshore oil and gas industry in, 26, 67, 297 Water Resources Development Act (2007), 207 Watson, James, 160, 162 Watt, James, 56, 63–67, 66, 76 Weatherford International, 96, 98 Weise, Adam, 17, 112 Well Integrity Team, 162, 164 Wereley, Steve, 147 West Africa, offshore oil and gas industry in, 44 Western-Geco, 44 wetlands, in Gulf of Mexico region, 173, 175, 194, 197-208, 210-13 whales. See marine mammals Wheeler, Wyman, 5–6, 11, 15–16, 107 wildlife, in Gulf of Mexico. See specific types of wildlife by name Wild Well Control, 167 Williams, Mike, 9, 10, 15–16 Winslow, Daun, 5, 6, 7, 12–14, 17, 19 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 146–47, 147n workforce, offshore oil and gas industry: effects of Macondo oil spill on, 152, 185; logistical challenges of, 3, 22, 34; and safety issues, 3, 6, 28, 30, 69, 152, 215-29, 232-34, 239-42, 251; whistleblowers in, 254 Worley Parsons, 44 wrack zone, 177
¶Young, David, 16, 112–13
¶Zane Barnes (vessel), 36 Zapata Offshore Company, 24 Zukunft, Paul, 161, 170
¶Current Affairs/Environment
¶ISBN: 978-0-16-087371-3