Reports that Matter

United States v. Philip Morris USA Inc.: Amended Final Opinion

CTR Special Projects

Section 23 of 129

CTR Special Projects

a. Nature of CTR Special Projects 238. CTR Special Projects were a separate category of research projects funded by CTR.

Unlike the grant-in-aid category of research, CTR Special Projects were not screened by the CTR Scientific Advisory Board ("SAB"); instead the process was directed by the General Counsels of Philip Morris, Reynolds, Lorillard, Liggett, B&W, and American, as well as attorneys at outside law firms including Jacob, Medinger & Finnegan, and Shook, Hardy & Bacon. The work was specifically commissioned for possible use in litigation. Stevens WD, 13:22-16:16, 17:20-18:8; Juchatz TT, 11/22/04, 06736:17-06748:17, 06754:8-06782:3; (US 87024); McAllister WD, 159:12- 14, 161:23-162:25; McAllister TT, 3/21/05, 16171:22-16175:13; Sommers PD, Arch v. American,

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7/14/97, 49:7-9; see also Rupp WD, 38:1-8; Northrip TT, 9/30/04, 01369:25-01374:16, 01374:17- 01375:3; Lisanti PD, Engle v. Reynolds, 8/13/97, 86:8-21; USX6390001-0400 (US 89555).

  1. Because of the lawyer involvement and the lack of review by the SAB, there was recognition that CTR Special Projects did not constitute the independent research promised in the Frank Statement. Janet Brown, retained counsel for CTR, acknowledged the problem in a letter to David Hardy dated June 13, 1974:

Where the industry is itself the arbiter of the amount and nature of research to be done, however, arguments that the research is self-serving -- that is, is too little, too late, does not bear reasonable relation to the nature and scope of the problems nor to the industry's market position, sales, profits, advertising expenditures -- gain in force and acceptance. Moreover, the industry may have little, if any leeway to disassociate itself from any results of such research with which it does not agree.

03659023-9025 at 9025 (US 87177).

  1. From 1966 to 1990, Defendants contributed the following amounts to CTR Special Projects: American - $2,049,354; B&W - $2,571,354; Lorillard - $1,638,490; Philip Morris - $5,837,923; and Reynolds - $6,029,255. From 1966 to 1975, Liggett contributed approximately $144,000. DXA0630917-1033 at 1024 (US 75927).

  2. Although Liggett withdrew from CTR in 1968, it continued to participate in CTR Special Projects. Stevens, WD, 17:14-19. Indeed, in its January 8, 1968 resignation letter, Liggett's President stated "we will continue to participate in defraying the cost of [CTR] Special Projects sponsored by the Council after evaluation of each Project on an individual basis." CTR-TIRC MIN000238-0244 at 0241 (US 33023).

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  1. Like CTR grants-in-aid, CTR Special Projects involved research into epidemiology, laboratory work, and animal experimentation. However, they were regarded by at least one prior Scientific Director of CTR as "soft science," which would not appeal to the CTR SAB. Sommers PD, Arch v. American Tobacco, 7/14/97, 49:7-24; 7/15/97, 215:22-24, 216:2-6.

  2. CTR Special Projects allowed participating tobacco manufacturers access to papers and statements by scientists before they were submitted for publication to journals or to regulatory bodies. See e.g., US 34088; 62774. Special Project funding also allowed Defendants to have some say in publications resulting from such funding. See e.g., US 20469.

  3. The lawyers who coordinated, requested and monitored CTR Special Projects were not scientists and did not have scientific backgrounds. The lawyers wished to avoid the CTR SAB method of funding because the SAB evaluated its project-funding requests in part for scientific legitimacy, while the lawyers were focused on litigation and liability objectives. Hoel PD, United States v. Philip Morris, 6/27/02, 58:20-59:19.

  4. In the mid-1960s, Shook, Hardy & Bacon developed a smoking and health literature retrieval system within the firm to help the lawyers identify scientists friendly to the tobacco industry's liability positions so that these scientists could receive funding through the CTR Special Projects program. Hoel PD, United States v. Philip Morris, 6/27/02, 61:10-62:7, 62:11, 63:11-20.

  5. An April 14, 1967 memorandum from Addison Yeaman, Vice President and General Counsel of B&W, addressed to Frederick Haas, General Counsel for Liggett; Cyril Hetsko, General Counsel for American; Henry Ramm, General Counsel for Reynolds; Paul Smith, Associate General Counsel for Philip Morris; and Earle Clements, President of the Tobacco Institute, explained how SAB projects had been "deliberately isolated" from lawyer-directed projects:

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We have deliberately isolated the SAB from those areas of research which they might consider were of a controversial or adversary nature and I see no reason why that isolation cannot and should not be maintained to the fullest preservation of the scientific integrity and dignity of the SAB, but with the release of funds from the SAB portion of CTR's budget to both research directly related to tobacco and the so-called Special Projects.

670307892-7894 (US 20967).

  1. A February 24, 1969 Lorillard memorandum also described the origin of CTR Special

Projects:

For a number of years, certain representatives of the industry have felt that the work of the Council [for Tobacco Research] has not been as pertinent to our problems as it might be. . . . In an effort to meet this objection, in 1965 the Council embarked on a program of guided research. . . . In order to finance this phase of their activity, a special projects budget was developed.

044227839-7844 (US 20066).

  1. An April 18, 1980 memorandum to file by Arthur Stevens stated: "I concluded that this work [of CTR Special Project recipients Kuper and Janis] is potentially useful from a litigation point of view." 01336290-6290 (US 88436).

  2. A September 18, 1981 letter from Francis Decker, an attorney with Webster &

Sheffield, to Joseph Greer, Vice President and General Counsel for Liggett, enclosed his notes from a September 10, 1981 meeting of the Committee of Counsel. Decker's notes described a discussion between Arthur Stevens, General Counsel for Lorillard, and Edwin Jacob, CTR attorney with Jacob,

Medinger & Finnegan, noting the differences between CTR Special Projects and Lawyers Special

Projects:

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Stevens: "I need to know what the historical reasons were for the difference between the criteria for lawyers' special projects and CTR special projects." *** Jacob: "When we started the CTR Special Projects, the idea was that the scientific director of CTR would review a project. If he liked it, it was a CTR Special Project. If he did not like it, then it became a lawyers' special project." Stevens: "He took offense re scientific embarrassment to us, but not to CTR." Jacob: "With Spielberger, we were afraid of discovery for FTC and with Aviado, we wanted to protect it under the lawyers. We did not want it out in the open."

LG2000741-0750 at 0745-0746 (US 36269).

  1. A 1984 document prepared by Lee Stanford of Shook, Hardy & Bacon to David Hardy of Shook, Hardy & Bacon, concerning the briefing of Alex Spears of Lorillard for a deposition, discussed CTR Special Projects. The document acknowledged that "[t]hese are initiated and developed through outside counsel (SHB and J&M)." 92456261-6268, (US 75420).

  2. A document prepared in or about 1992 titled "Funding Sources of Tobacco Industry Research" noted that CTR Special Projects were " - Research directed at industry problem - Witness development objective -Approved by general counsel -Funded through CTR." 01334642-4655 (US 34528).

  3. An April 28, 1992 Wachtell Lipton memorandum from attorney David Murphy to attorneys Herbert Wachtell, Paul Vizcarrondo, Jr., and John Savarese discussed the nature of CTR Special Projects and raised the spectre of "perpetrating a fraud on the public":

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In my overcautious view, the Jensen issue raises a larger question -- whether "CTR Special Projects" funds (and after such activities were moved out of CTR, joint industry funds administered through Shook, Hardy) were used to purchase favorable judicial or legislative testimony, thereby perpetrating a fraud on the public. Admittedly, this notion of fraud was unknown to the common law, but if we assume the other side of the looking glass . . . perhaps it is cause for concern.

87715635-5636 (US 21101).

b. Lawyers' Involvement with CTR Special Projects 253. Attorneys at Jacob, Medinger & Finnegan and Shook, Hardy & Bacon kept the

Committee of Counsel apprised of the status of CTR Special Projects and also made recommendations to Defendants' General Counsels and to each other as to whether projects should be conducted through CTR Special Projects. TIMN261386-1387 (US 21288); 1005048374-8374 (US 35939). See also Lisanti PD, Arch v. American Tobacco, 6/10/97, 80:9-81:19, 82:10-19.

  1. For example, on May 19, 1967, William Shinn of Shook, Hardy & Bacon, sent a letter to Alexander Holtzman, Philip Morris General Counsel, regarding CTR Special Projects. He discussed a proposal to support and publicize research advancing the theory of smoking as beneficial to health as a stress reducer, even for "coronary prone" persons; represented that stress (rather than nicotine addiction) explains why smoking clinics fail; and proposed to publicize the "image of smoking as 'right' for many people . . . as a scientifically approved 'diversion' to avoid disease causing stress." 1005083882-3882 (US 20204).

  2. On February 5, 1974, Shinn sent a letter to the following General Counsels: Thomas Ahrensfeld of Philip Morris; DeBaun Bryant of B&W; Frederick Haas of Liggett; Cyril Hetsko of American; Henry Roemer of Reynolds; and Arthur Stevens of Lorillard, stating that "Dave Hardy and I strongly recommend approval of the $50,000 grant for Dr. Carl D. Seltzer's work as a CTR special project" at Harvard University, citing the valuable research he was conducting and the works he had already published relating to smoking and health, which were helpful to the industry. 1005108380-8381 at 8381 (US 20209).

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  1. On June 3, 1986, Patrick Sirridge of Shook, Hardy & Bacon sent a letter to the following General Counsels: Alexander Holtzman of Philip Morris; Wayne Juchatz of Reynolds; Josiah Murray of Liggett; Ernest Pepples of B&W; Paul Randour of American; and Arthur Stevens of Lorillard, recommending approval for additional funding of Henry Rothschild through CTR Special Projects. 507878840-8840 (US 20802).

  2. Such industry attorney recommendations continued into the 1970s and 1980s. LG2000429-0430 (US 34067); 1005083560-3561 (US 35991); LG2002513-2514 (US 34076); 1005070386-0387 (US 35981); 1005108380-8381 (US 20209); MNATPRIV00012777-2778 (US 86233); 503655086-5088 (US 20720); 03638976-8979 (US 20060); 03638976-8979 (US 46483); 01335398-5398 (US 26488); 507731976-1976 (US 86273); 521032586-2588 (US 85746); 01335965-5966 (US 26516); 01335571-5571 (US 26498); 03754226-4227 (US 29343); 01338391- 8392 (US 26567); 01337575-7576 (US 26552); 1005125797-5798 (US 36097); 505741621-1622 (US 86245); BWX0003772-3773 (US 36199); 503645740-5741 (US 29699); 504339396-9397 (US 29751); BWX0002772-2773 (US 36171); 521030035-0036 (US 30458); 1005125390-5391 (US 36091); BWX0002884-2885 (US 36182); 1005125300-5301 (US 36089); 03747448-7449 (US 29327); ATX9277370208-0209 (US 36233); 503645752-5753 (US 29700); 1005064666-4667 (US 35973); LG2002762-2763 (US 34086); BWX0004202-4202 (US 36222); 507731371-1371 (US

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1005064711-4712 (US 35977); BWX0003460-3461 (US 36192); 1005064646-4647 (US 35972);

BWX0002886-2887 (US 36183); 503655382-5383 (US 86254); 503655216-5217 (US 86255); BWX0002866-2867 (US 36180); 1005064627-4628 (US 35971); BWX0002893-2894 (US 36185); 503653937-3938 (US 86256); 507731344-1344 (US 29862); 521029712-9713 (US 30451); 1005064547-4548 (US 35967); 503645684-5685 (US 86257); BWX0002888-2889 (US 36184); 521030984-0985 (US 86259); 507734475-4476 (US 86261); 507732105-2106 (US 86262); 507734379-4380 (US 29905); 507731548-1549 (US 86266); 507734458-4458 (US 86267); 507731658-1659 (US 86269); 507731764-1765 (US 86270); 507731469-1470 (US 86271); 507731758-1758 (US 29896); 507731648-1648 (US 29888); 507731575-1576 (US 86275); 507731487-1487 (US 86276); 507731973-1973 (US 86278); 507875993-5993 (US 22692); ATX300010994-0995 (US 22694); 521031106-1107 (US 22696); 01336194-6195 (US 22697); 01338089-8089 (US 22701); LG2000678-0679 (US 22703); 1005064682-4683 (US 35976); 03751975-1976 (US 29340); 03747528-7528 (US 29328); 01336110-6113 (US 26519); 1005064561-4561 (US 35968); 01335579-5579 (US 26499); 2015029385-9385 (US 36639); 01336499-6500 (US 26535); 507877111-7112 (US 88438); 86003017-3018 (US 56084); 01335472- 5472 (US 26493); 01338515-8517 (US 26570); 01334899-4899 (US 26474); 01331881-1881 (US 26467); 503655440-5441 (US 29711); 01336191-6192 (US 26522); TLT0270555-0555 (US 85619); 03751370-1372 (US 29331); 01335959-5959 (US 26514); 01335967-5968 (US 26517); 521032312- 2314 (US 30472); 1000781727-1727 (US 35321); 1005125129-5130 (US 36084).

  1. In-house counsel also made recommendations for CTR Special Projects. On October 3, 1968, Alexander Holtzman of Philip Morris sent a letter to David Hardy of Shook, Hardy & Bacon proposing that Richard Hickey, who had previously applied for funding through CTR but been rejected, receive Special Project funding. On October 21, 1968, Hardy endorsed that recommendation by sending a letter to Frederick Haas of Liggett; Cyril Hetsko of American; Henry Ramm, General Counsel for Reynolds; Paul Smith, General Counsel for Philip Morris; and Addison Yeaman, General Counsel for B&W, by also recommending approval for Hickey as a CTR Special Project. 1005084784-4786 (US 22988); 1005084799-4800 (US 20206).
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  1. By letter dated May 28, 1970, William Shinn of Shook, Hardy & Bacon advised Holtzman that he now had approval from Philip Morris, Reynolds, and Liggett "with respect to the Hickey Special Project," a reference to studies relating air pollution to lung cancer incidence by Dr. Richard J. Hickey of the Institute of Environmental Studies at the University of Pennsylvania, and that he intended to "call the other General Counsel, if I have not heard from them by then, early next week." 2015031514-1514 (US 20316).

  2. In 1981, Arthur Stevens, Senior Vice President and General Counsel of Lorillard, engaged in extensive correspondence with Patrick Sirridge of Shook, Hardy & Bacon regarding the possibility of establishing an industry relationship with Henry Shotwell, a Sun Chemical employee who specialized in air-sampling analysis systems. 01349577-9577 (US 86281); 01349576-9576 (US 86282); 01349575-9575 (US 86283); 01349574-9574 (US 86284); 01349557-9557 (US 86285).

  3. Similarly, on November 28, 1983, Arthur Stevens sent a letter to Patrick Sirridge of Shook, Hardy & Bacon, inquiring: "Is Binstock someone who might be appropriate for a special project?" 03746232-6232 (US 29322).

  4. CTR personnel also recommended that certain projects be funded as CTR Special Projects. For example, on December 24, 1969, Arthur Furst, CTR consultant, sent a letter to David

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Hardy recommending Special Project funding for Hans J. Eysenck, of the Institute of Psychiatry of Maudsleu and Bethlehem Royal Hospitals in London, to test the hypothesis of a relationship between the emotional make-up of people and cancer by conducting a pilot study of carcinogenesis in rats bred for different characteristics. 1005070515-0515 (US 20201).

  1. According to CTR's Harmon McAllister, after lawyers had initiated a Special Project proposal, "a description of the proposed project and its cost [were] presented to CTR . . . for appraisal by the Scientific Director." McAllister WD, 161:4-18; CTRSP-FILES026162 (JD 090143). Individuals who presented the proposed project description and cost estimate to the CTR Scientific Director included company attorneys, attorneys from Shook, Hardy & Bacon, and attorneys from Jacob & Medinger. McAllister TT, 3/21/05, 16171:22-16172:22. The CTR Scientific Director would then review the Special Project proposal and either approve or reject it. McAllister TT, 3/21/05, 16178:16-24; McAllister WD, 19-25; CTRSP-FILES012009 (JD 093897). Sheldon Sommers reviewed and approved dozens of Special Project proposals during his tenure as CTR Scientific Director. See, e.g., 01335398-5398 (US 26488); 521032586-2588 (US 85746); 507731976-1976 (US 86273); 804122847-2848 (US 26525); 282002535-2536 (US 28076); 507731658-1659 (US 86269); 521028862-8863 (US 52693*); 804122847-2848 (US 23586); BWX0003460-3461 (US 36192); BWX0003808-3809 (US 36204); see also 503565787-5787 (US 29683); CTR98CONG00067 (US 32516); LWODJ9055269-5270 (US 26015).

  2. If approved by the CTR Scientific Director, the proposal was presented to the General Counsels of Defendants Philip Morris, Reynolds, Lorillard, Liggett, B&W, and American who would make the final decision whether to fund it. McAllister WD, 162:8-18; McAllister TT, 3/21/05, 16179:7-16182:2. See also Lisanti PD, Arch v. American Tobacco, 6/10/97, 86:17-87:2.

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Sometimes, general counsel would advise CTR directly if a project was approved for CTR Special Project funding. For example, on July 22, 1970, Henry Ramm, Senior Vice President and General Counsel of Reynolds, advised Robert Hockett, Associate Scientific Director of CTR, regarding the

proposed Conference to be held in the West Indies in January 1972, counsel representing Philip Morris, B&W, American Brands, Liggett & Myers and Lorillard which companies together with Reynolds participate in Special Projects have advised that if the Scientific Advisory Board does not approve this project the same can be treated as an approved Special Project.

CTRSP-FILES009810-9810 (US 21696); BWX0010831-0840 (US 36244).

  1. The proposed conference was approved as a CTR Special Project in October 1970; was held on St. Martin Island on January 12-15, 1972; and was called the Conference on the Motivational Mechanisms of Cigarette Smoking. Among the attendees were A.K. Armitage from Britain's Tobacco Research Council; Robert Hockett, CTR Associate Scientific Director; Henry Ramm, CTR Chairman and President; Gilbert Huebner, Tobacco Institute Medical Director; Marvin Kastenbaum, Tobacco Institute Director of Statistics; and several of the Defendants' research directors, including William Bates of Liggett, I.W. Hughes of B&W, Murray Senkus of Reynolds, Alexander Spears of Lorillard, and Helmut Wakeham of Philip Morris; and several CTR Special Project funding recipients, including Hans Eysenck, Richard Hickey, Hans Selye, and Carl Seltzer. 503654881-4885 (US 88413); 105394371-4388 (US 88414).

  2. In general, however, Defendants' General Counsels would advise attorneys at Jacob, Medinger & Finnegan or Shook, Hardy & Bacon whether or not their companies would agree to fund the recommended CTR Special Projects. The following are but a few examples: American: TLT0960501-0501 (US 87682); ATX300000157-0157 (US 21130). B&W: 521031038-1038 (US

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20889); 521028861-8861 (US 52692*); 2050987576-7576 (US 27065); 521031875-1875 (US 30467); 521031322-1325 (US 30463); 521031846-1846 (US 30465); 521029712-9713 (US 30451). Lorillard: 01243259-3259 (US 20041); 01240219-0219 (US 26444); 01334994-4994 (US 26475); 01338114-8114 (US 26565); 01336286-6286 (US 26527); 01338207-8207 (US 26566); 01335922- 5922 (US 20045); 80412203-2203 (US 21060); 85171343-1344 (US 22042); 80412199-2199 (US 21059); 91821884-1884 (US 57129); 1240455-0455 (US 26447); 01240436-0436 (US 26445); 01336587-6587 (US 26543); 01336855-6855 (US 26545); 01336555-6555 (US 26541); 00499935- 9935 (US 29415); 01335470-5471 (US 26492); 01335522-5522 (US 26495); 01335570-5570 (US 26497); 01335958-5958 (US 26513); 01338086-8086 (US 26564); 01338514-8514 (US 26569); 01336289-6289 (US 26528); 01337806-7806 (US 26556); 01336501-6503 (US 26536); 01336504- 6505 (US 26537); 01336190-6190 (US 26521); 01338062-8062 (US 26563); 01337090-7090 (US 26549); 01334735-4735 (US 26469); 01336268-6268 (US 26524); 01336271-6271 (US 26526); 01336959-6959 (US 26546); 01335008-5008 (US 26476); 01335403-5403 (US 86292); 01337994- 7994 (US 26562); 01337733-7733 (US 26553); 01337962-7962 (US 26557); 01337543-7543 (US 26551); 01336249-6249 (US 26523); 01336089-6089 (US 26518); 01335396-5396 (US 26486); 01336438-6438 (US 26531); 80412203-2203 (US 21060); 85171343-1344 (US 22042); 80412199- 2199 (US 21059); 87598541-8541 (US 56250). Reynolds: 507731453-1453 (US 29876); 503655278-5278 (US 21683); 507731762-1762 (US 20785); 507731377-1377 (US 29865); 507731370-1370 (US 29863); 508371649-1649 (US 86295); 03751438-1439) (US 29332); 507731343-1343 (US 29861); 503645683-5683 (US 29698); 507737625-7625 (US 29912) A);

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507731646-1646 (US 29887); 507731972-1972 (US 29899); 507731572-1572 (US 29886). Liggett: 2015031514-1514 (US 20316); LG2002533-2533 (US 21198). Philip Morris: 1005053953-3953 (US 20198); 1005053931-3931 (US 86298). Philip Morris Companies: 2015047160-7160 (US 20326); 2015006925-6925 (US 20310); 2015006923-6923 (US 23047).

  1. Once the General Counsels had approved a CTR Special Project, attorneys from Jacob, Medinger & Finnegan or Shook, Hardy & Bacon would advise CTR that the CTR Special Project had been approved. CTR would then assign each CTR Special Project a number and the CTR staff would administer and distribute the funds for that CTR Special Project to the recipient or his or her affiliated research institution from a separate bank account maintained by CTR for only the funding of CTR Special Projects. For example, on June 27, 1968, Ed Jacob of Jacob, Medinger & Finnegan sent a letter to W.T. Hoyt, Executive Director of CTR, with respect to approval of CTR Special Project funding for A. Clifford Barger, and requested: "[W]ould you please assign a CTR SP Number to the project and let me know what that number is." McAllister PD, United States v. Philip Morris, 5/24/02, 92:19-95:3, 136:2-136:7; Hoel PD, United States v. Philip Morris, 6/27/02, 56:9-20, 57:13-18; 515772203-2211 (US 87024); see also McAllister WD, 162:4-18.

  2. CTR Special Projects were not part of CTR's general fund budget; CTR's members provided the funding for CTR Special Projects in separate transactions. Each company -- Philip Morris, Reynolds, Lorillard, Liggett, B&W, and American -- could decide whether or not to contribute to a particular project. The division of costs, however, was usually based upon the companies' respective market shares and the companies sent their share of a project's cost directly to CTR and its separate account for Special Projects. CTR personnel often sent letters to the General Counsels of the six companies requesting payments for the CTR "Special Projects Fund." Hoel PD, United States v. Philip Morris, 6/27/02, 66:10-67:10; McAllister WD, 161:14-16; 680305856-5858 (US 30887); CTRSP-FILES026615-6615 (86302); 81616878-6882 (31968).

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  1. Letters advising of the funding of a CTR Special Project were sent directly from CTR to the CTR Special Project recipient. CTRSP-FILES010602-0603 (US 32710); CTRSP- FILES011331-1331 (US 32718); CTRSP-FILES011338-1338 (US 32720); CTRSP-FILES007790- 7790 (US 32683); McAllister WD, 162:14-15.

  2. CTR Special Project recipients were instructed to use an acknowledgment line in publications resulting from CTR Special Project funding which was different from the acknowledgment line recipients of CTR regular grants were instructed to use in their publications. The acknowledgment line, used by CTR Special Project recipients did not disclose that their research program was undertaken at the specific request of Defendants for predominantly litigation purposes and was not screened and approved by the CTR SAB. McAllister PD, United States v. Philip Morris, 5/24/02, 145:23-149:18.

  3. CTR did not include information about CTR Special Project research in its Annual Reports, which were widely distributed to medical editors at newspapers, medical editors for television programs, deans of colleges and universities in the United States, libraries at colleges and universities, college and university grant offices, the CTR board of directors, members of the CTR Scientific Advisory Board, CTR grantees, CTR Class A and B members, and the Tobacco Institute, and contained information about current and terminated grants-in-aid, grantees, and their institutions. CTR also did not include information about CTR Special Projects in press releases. McAllister WD,

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164:17-24; McAllister TT, 3/21/05, 16167:18-16168:12, 16182:3-11; Zahn PD, Massachusetts v. Philip Morris, 5/28/98, 55:1-9, 177:14-17.

  1. CTR Special Project funding ended sometime around 1990. USX6390001-0400 at 0017 (US 89555). Thereafter, Philip Morris, Reynolds, Lorillard, Liggett, B&W, and American continued to jointly fund research projects on behalf of the Enterprise through Lawyers Special Accounts, discussed further below. For example, on March 2, 1990, Stevens sent a letter to Patrick Sirridge of Shook, Hardy & Bacon, enclosing a check for $46,461, which represented Lorillard's share of joint funding for Theodor Sterling, a long-time CTR Special Projects grantee. Stevens noted "that this is no longer a CTR project, but is now being funded directly by the Companies and administered as a Special Research Project through your firm." 87598486-8486 (US 21096).

  2. On March 7, 1990, Wayne Juchatz of Reynolds sent a letter to Sirridge enclosing Reynolds' portion for the continued funding of Sterling. On March 19, 1990, Paul Randour of American also sent a letter to Sirridge indicating approval of the joint funding of Sterling. On July 23, 1990, Ernest Pepples of B&W sent a letter to Sirridge enclosing a check for $65,579, which represented B&W's share of funding for Sterling. Pepples sent another contribution for Sterling's work in 1991. 87598486-8486 (US 21096); 507731678-1678 (US 29892); ATX300004011-4011 (US 21131); 521100040-0040 (US 20893); 91765001-5001 (US 32125).

  3. On September 26, 1990, Patrick Sirridge of Shook, Hardy & Bacon sent a letter to Wayne Juchatz of Reynolds, Josiah Murray of Liggett, Ernest Pepples of B&W, Paul Randour of American, Arthur Stevens of Lorillard, and Charles Wall of Philip Morris concerning funding for Rodger Bick, a practicing oncologist-hematologist who had been collecting data on lung cancer incidence in Kern County, California. Sirridge noted that

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[f]or over 10 years, Dr. Rodger Bick's research on lung cancer has been supported under a CTR Special Project. Dr. Bick has requested that his support be renewed so that he can continue the work. We recommend that this project be approved in the amount of $40,404.32 and be funded directly by the companies.

Philip Morris, Reynolds, B&W, Lorillard, and American all agreed to jointly fund the continued research. 86002659-2661 (US 32046); 507731850-1851 (US 86308); 680712948-2948 (US 30912); 512678317-8317 (US 30044); 2015002794-2794 (US 20307); 507731849-1849 (US 76279); 86002653-2653 (US 32045); 87688005-8005 (US 32060); 91768262-8262 (US 32126).

  1. In 1990, the companies continued to jointly fund the work of Alvan Feinstein that had previously been funded as a CTR Special Project on behalf of the Enterprise. ATX300004098-4098 (US 58613); 507731403-1403 (US 29870).

  2. By letter dated February 26, 1991, Sirridge requested continued funding from Randour of American and Juchatz of Reynolds for Carl Seltzer, a long-time CTR Special Project recipient. Sirridge advised that B&W, Lorillard, and Philip Morris had already agreed to the continued funding. BWX0003847-3848 (US 36212).

  3. In March 1992, Bernard O'Neill of Shook, Hardy & Bacon sent a letter to Wayne Juchatz of Reynolds, Ernest Pepples of B&W, Paul Randour of American, Arthur Stevens of Lorillard, and Charles Wall of Philip Morris, and copied Steven Parrish of Philip Morris, recommending another extension of joint industry funding of Theodor Sterling. 2015002947-2955 at 2947-2948 (US 20308).

  4. On May 18, 1992, Charles Wall, Vice President and Associate General Counsel of Philip Morris Companies, sent a letter to O'Neill of Shook, Hardy & Bacon enclosing a check representing Philip Morris Companies' contribution to Sterling's research efforts. 2023230770-0770

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c. Scientists Funded Through CTR Special Projects 279. Documents reflect that the following scientists were funded through the CTR Special

Project program: William H. Alban; Austin; Domingo M. Aviado; Roberto Bachi; Claus B. Bahnson; William J. Bair; Clifford A. Barger; Bevilacqua; Cesare Biancifiori; Rodger L. Bick; Herman V. Boenig; Brian Bozelka; Lyman A. Brewer, III; Geoffrey L. Brinkman; Barbara B. Brown; Brunner; Victor B. Buhler; John Robert Carter; Jeffrey N. Clark; Richard C. Clelland; Irven DeVore; Salvatore R. DiNardi; William L. Dunn (Philip Morris); Kurt Enslein; Hans J. Eysenck; Alvan R. Feinstein; T.N. Finley; G.H. Friedell; H. Hugh Fudenberg; Arthur Furst (CTR); Arvin S. Glicksman; Victor Gould; John G. Gruhn; Michael R. Guerin; William H. Gutstein; Frederick Hecht; Norman W. Heimstra; Doris L. Herman; Katherine M. Herrold; Richard J. Hickey; Robert C. Hockett (CTR); Ebbe Curtis Hoff; Freddy Homburger; E. Lee Husting; Duncan Hutcheon; Joseph M. Janis; Alfred Bennett Jenson; William V. Judy; Marvin A. Kastenbaum (Tobacco Institute); Leo Katz; David M. Kissen; Jerome Kleinerman; Suzanne Knoebel; Lawrence L. Kuper; Hiram T. Langston; Mariano LaVia; Leonard A. Lee; Samuel B. Lehrer; Eleanor J. MacDonald; Thomas F. Mancuso; J.H. Manhold; Marcus M. Mason; Neal L. McNiven; Aldo Misefari; Kenneth M. Moser; Harry Ness; S. O'Shea; Joseph M. Ogura; Ingram Olkin; Oser; Harold Perry; Charles D. Puglia; L.G.S. Rao; Herbert

Ratcliffe; Vernon Riley; J.B. Roberts; Jay Roberts; Gray Robertson; Lisa Rosenblatt; Henry

Rothschild; Linda Russek; Henry I. Russek; John Salvaggio; G.N. Schrauzer; Segi; Carl C. Seltzer; Hans Selye; Lucio Severi; James F. Smith; Louis A. Soloff; Darrel H. Spackman; Douglas H. Sprunt; R. Stankus; Frederick J. Stare; Russell Stedman; Theodor D. Sterling; David A. Sterling;

166

Harold L. Stewart; Guiseppe Teti; Thomas; J.R. Trinidad; James A. Wakefield; John S. Waugh; John Vivian Wells; Carolyn K.Wells; Travis Winsor; George Wolf; and J. Yerushalmy. 92613920-4198 (US 32132); 2048925665-5704 (US 38726); 503654113-4113 (86310); 503654114-4153 (86311).